Background: Cardiovascular surgery is confronted by a lack of suitable materials for patch repair. Acellular animal tissues serve as an abundant source of promising biomaterials. The aim of our study was to explore the bio-integration of decellularized or recellularized pericardial matrices in vivo. Methods: Porcine (allograft) and ovine (heterograft, xenograft) pericardia were decellularized using 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate ((1) Allo-decel and (2) Xeno-decel). We used two cell types for pressure-stimulated recellularization in a bioreactor: autologous adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) isolated from subcutaneous fat of pigs ((3) Allo-ASC and (4) Xeno-ASC) and allogeneic Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJCs) ((5) Allo-WJC and (6) Xeno-WJC). These six experimental patches were implanted in porcine carotid arteries for one month. For comparison, we also implanted six types of control patches, namely, arterial or venous autografts, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE Propaten® Gore®), polyethylene terephthalate (PET Vascutek®), chemically stabilized bovine pericardium (XenoSure®), and detoxified porcine pericardium (BioIntegral® NoReact®). The grafts were evaluated through the use of flowmetry, angiography, and histological examination. Results: All grafts were well-integrated and patent with no signs of thrombosis, stenosis, or aneurysm. A histological analysis revealed that the arterial autograft resembled a native artery. All other control and experimental patches developed neo-adventitial inflammation (NAI) and neo-intimal hyperplasia (NIH), and the endothelial lining was present. NAI and NIH were most prominent on XenoSure® and Xeno-decel and least prominent on NoReact®. In xenografts, the degree of NIH developed in the following order: Xeno-decel > Xeno-ASC > Xeno-WJC. NAI and patch resorption increased in Allo-ASC and Xeno-ASC and decreased in Allo-WJC and Xeno-WJC. Conclusions: In our setting, pre-implant seeding with ASC or WJC had a modest impact on vascular patch remodeling. However, ASC increased the neo-adventitial inflammatory reaction and patch resorption, suggesting accelerated remodeling. WJC mitigated this response, as well as neo-intimal hyperplasia on xenografts, suggesting immunomodulatory properties.

Cardiovascular Surgery Department Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Videnska 1958 9 14021 Prague Czech Republic

Clinical and Transplant Pathology Centre Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Videnska 1958 9 14021 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Anatomy 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University 5 Uvalu 84 15006 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Videnska 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Biomedical Technology Faculty of Biomedical Engineering Czech Technical University Prague Nam Sitna 3105 27201 Kladno Czech Republic

Department of Pig Breeding Institute of Animal Science Komenskeho 1239 51741 Kostelec nad Orlici Czech Republic

Experimental Medicine Centre Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Videnska 1958 9 14021 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Physiology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Albertov 5 12800 Prague Czech Republic

PrimeCell Bioscience a s Dr Slabihoudka 6232 11 Poruba 70800 Ostrava Czech Republic

Radiodiagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Videnska 1958 9 14021 Prague Czech Republic

Transplantation Surgery Department Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Videnska 1958 9 14021 Prague Czech Republic

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