Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Triggers, Consequences, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options

. 2022 Mar 07 ; 10 (3) : . [epub] 20220307

Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE Jazyk angličtina Země Švýcarsko Médium electronic

Typ dokumentu úvodníky

Perzistentní odkaz   https://www.medvik.cz/link/pmid35336153

Grantová podpora
20-09732S Czech Science Foundation
22-12533S Czech Science Foundation
RVO: 61388971 Institute of Microbiology

Odkazy

PubMed 35336153
PubMed Central PMC8954387
DOI 10.3390/microorganisms10030578
PII: microorganisms10030578
Knihovny.cz E-zdroje

The global incidence of numerous immune-mediated, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric diseases is steadily increasing [...].

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Dinse G.E., Parks C.G., Weinberg C.R., Co C.A., Wilkerson J., Zeldin D.C., Chan E.K.L., Miller F.W. Increasing Prevalence of Antinuclear Antibodies in the United States. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72:1026–1035. doi: 10.1002/art.41214. PubMed DOI PMC

GBD 2017 US Neurological Disorders Collaborators. Feigin V.L., Vos T., Alahdab F., Amit A.M.L., Bärnighausen T.W., Beghi E., Beheshti M., Chavan P.P., Criqui M.H., et al. Burden of Neurological Disorders Across the US From 1990–2017: A Global Burden of Disease Study. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78:165–176. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4152. PubMed DOI PMC

Saklayen M.G. The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 2018;20:12. doi: 10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z. PubMed DOI PMC

Kumar A., Arora A., Sharma P., Anikhindi S.A., Bansal N., Singla V., Khare S., Srivastava A. Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2020;14:535–545. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.044. PubMed DOI PMC

Huang I., Lim M.A., Pranata R. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia—A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2020;14:395–403. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018. PubMed DOI PMC

Fan Y., Pedersen O. Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2021;19:55–71. doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9. PubMed DOI

Hrncir T., Hrncirova L., Kverka M., Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. The role of gut microbiota in intestinal and liver diseases. Lab. Anim. 2019;53:271–280. doi: 10.1177/0023677218818605. PubMed DOI

Yeoh Y.K., Zuo T., Lui G.C., Zhang F., Liu Q., Li A.Y., Chung A.C., Cheung C.P., Tso E.Y., Fung K.S., et al. Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021;70:698–706. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020. PubMed DOI PMC

Levy M., Kolodziejczyk A.A., Thaiss C.A., Elinav E. Dysbiosis and the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2017;17:219–232. doi: 10.1038/nri.2017.7. PubMed DOI

Hrncirova L., Machova V., Trckova E., Krejsek J., Hrncir T. Food preservatives induce Proteobacteria dysbiosis in human-microbiota associated Nod2-deficient mice. Microorganisms. 2019;7:383. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7100383. PubMed DOI PMC

Afridi O.K., Ali J., Chang J.H. Fecal Microbiome and Resistome Profiling of Healthy and Diseased Pakistani Individuals Using Next-Generation Sequencing. Microorganisms. 2021;9:616. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030616. PubMed DOI PMC

van der Merwe M., Moore D., Hill J.L., Keating F.H., Buddington R.K., Bloomer R.J., Wang A., Bowman D.D. The Impact of a Dried Fruit and Vegetable Supplement and Fiber Rich Shake on Gut and Health Parameters in Female Healthcare Workers: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Microorganisms. 2021;9:843. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9040843. PubMed DOI PMC

Shahinozzaman M., Raychaudhuri S., Fan S., Obanda D.N. Kale Attenuates Inflammation and Modulates Gut Microbial Composition and Function in C57BL/6J Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity. Microorganisms. 2021;9:238. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9020238. PubMed DOI PMC

Kohnert E., Kreutz C., Binder N., Hannibal L., Gorkiewicz G., Müller A., Storz M.A., Huber R., Lederer A.K. Changes in Gut Microbiota after a Four-Week Intervention with Vegan vs. Meat-Rich Diets in Healthy Participants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Microorganisms. 2021;9:727. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9040727. PubMed DOI PMC

Hrncir T., Hrncirova L., Kverka M., Hromadka R., Machova V., Trckova E., Kostovcikova K., Kralickova P., Krejsek J., Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic Interventions. Microorganisms. 2021;9:957. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9050957. PubMed DOI PMC

Vrieze A., Van Nood E., Holleman F., Salojärvi J., Kootte R.S., Bartelsman J.F., Dallinga-Thie G.M., Ackermans M.T., Serlie M.J., Oozeer R., et al. Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2021;143:913–916. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.031. PubMed DOI

Schulz M.D., Atay C., Heringer J., Romrig F.K., Schwitalla S., Aydin B., Ziegler P.K., Varga J., Reindl W., Pommerenke C., et al. High-fat-diet-mediated dysbiosis promotes intestinal carcinogenesis independently of obesity. Nature. 2014;514:508–512. doi: 10.1038/nature13398. PubMed DOI PMC

Collins S.M., Kassam Z., Bercik P. The adoptive transfer of behavioural phenotype via the intestinal microbiota: Experimental evidence and clinical implications. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2013;16:240–245. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.004. PubMed DOI

Hrncirova L., Hudcovic T., Sukova E., Machova V., Trckova E., Krejsek J., Hrncir T. Human gut microbes are susceptible to antimicrobial food additives in vitro. Folia Microbiol. (Praha.) 2019;64:497–508. doi: 10.1007/s12223-018-00674-z. PubMed DOI

Chassaing B., Van de Wiele T., De Bodt J., Marzorati M., Gewirtz A.T. Dietary emulsifiers directly alter human microbiota composition and gene expression ex vivo potentiating intestinal inflammation. Gut. 2017;66:1414–1427. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313099. PubMed DOI PMC

Rodriguez-Palacios A., Harding A., Menghini P., Himmelman C., Retuerto M., Nickerson K.P., Lam M., Croniger C.M., McLean M.H., Durum S.K., et al. The artificial sweetener Splenda promotes gut Proteobacteria, dysbiosis, and myeloperoxidase reactivity in Crohn’s disease-like ileitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2018;24:1005–1020. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izy060. PubMed DOI PMC

Suez J., Korem T., Zeevi D., Zilberman-Schapira G., Thaiss C.A., Maza O., Israeli D., Zmora N., Gilad S., Weinberger A., et al. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Nature. 2014;514:181–186. doi: 10.1038/nature13793. PubMed DOI

Catanzaro J.R., Strauss J.D., Bielecka A., Porto A.F., Lobo F.M., Urban A., Schofield W.B., Palm N.W. IgA-deficient humans exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis despite secretion of compensatory IgM. Sci. Rep. 2019;9:13574. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49923-2. PubMed DOI PMC

Hussain I., Cher G.L.Y., Abid M.A., Abid M.B. Role of Gut Microbiome in COVID-19: An Insight Into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Potential. Front. Immunol. 2021;12:765965. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765965. PubMed DOI PMC

Llorente C., Schnabl B. The gut microbiota and liver disease. Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2015;1:275–284. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.04.003. PubMed DOI PMC

Png C.W., Lindén S.K., Gilshenan K.S., Zoetendal E.G., McSweeney C.S., Sly L.I., McGuckin M.A., Florin T.H. Mucolytic bacteria with increased prevalence in IBD mucosa augment in vitro utilization of mucin by other bacteria. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010;105:2420–2428. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.281. PubMed DOI

Chu H., Duan Y., Yang L., Schnabl B. Small metabolites, possible big changes: A microbiota-centered view of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut. 2019;68:359–370. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316307. PubMed DOI

Loomba R., Seguritan V., Li W., Long T., Klitgord N., Bhatt A., Dulai P.S., Caussy C., Bettencourt R., Highlander S.K., et al. Gut microbiome-based metagenomic signature for non-invasive detection of advanced fibrosis in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Metab. 2017;25:1054–1062.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.001. PubMed DOI PMC

Lee G., You H.J., Bajaj J.S., Joo S.K., Yu J., Park S., Kang H., Park J.H., Kim J.H., Lee D.H., et al. Distinct signatures of gut microbiome and metabolites associated with significant fibrosis in non-obese NAFLD. Nat. Commun. 2020;11:4982. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18754-5. PubMed DOI PMC

Sokol H., Seksik P., Furet J.P., Firmesse O., Nion-Larmurier I., Beaugerie L., Cosnes J., Corthier G., Marteau P., Doré J. Low counts of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in colitis microbiota. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2009;15:1183–1189. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20903. PubMed DOI

Rajilić–Stojanović M., Biagi E., Heilig H.G.H.J., Kajander K., Kekkonen R.A., Tims S., de Vos W.M. Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1792–1801. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.043. PubMed DOI

Qin N., Yang F., Li A., Prifti E., Chen Y., Shao L., Guo J., Le Chatelier E., Yao J., Wu L., et al. Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis. Nature. 2014;513:59–64. doi: 10.1038/nature13568. PubMed DOI

Le Chatelier E., Nielsen T., Qin J., Prifti E., Hildebrand F., Falony G., Almeida M., Arumugam M., Batto J.-M., Kennedy S. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 2013;500:541–546. doi: 10.1038/nature12506. PubMed DOI

Karlsson F.H., Tremaroli V., Nookaew I., Bergström G., Behre C.J., Fagerberg B., Nielsen J., Bäckhed F. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature. 2013;498:99–103. doi: 10.1038/nature12198. PubMed DOI

Aron-Wisnewsky J., Prifti E., Belda E., Ichou F., Kayser B.D., Dao M.C., Verger E.O., Hedjazi L., Bouillot J.-L., Chevallier J.-M. Major microbiota dysbiosis in severe obesity: Fate after bariatric surgery. Gut. 2019;68:70–82. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316103. PubMed DOI PMC

Yang A.M., Inamine T., Hochrath K., Chen P., Wang L., Llorente C., Bluemel S., Hartmann P., Xu J., Koyama Y., et al. Intestinal fungi contribute to development of alcoholic liver disease. J. Clin. Investig. 2017;127:2829–2841. doi: 10.1172/JCI90562. PubMed DOI PMC

Frank D.N., St Amand A.L., Feldman R.A., Boedeker E.C., Harpaz N., Pace N.R. Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007;104:13780–13785. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0706625104. PubMed DOI PMC

Gevers D., Kugathasan S., Denson L.A., Vázquez-Baeza Y., Van Treuren W., Ren B., Schwager E., Knights D., Song S.J., Yassour M., et al. The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn’s disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;15:382–392. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.005. PubMed DOI PMC

Takahashi K., Nishida A., Fujimoto T., Fujii M., Shioya M., Imaeda H., Inatomi O., Bamba S., Andoh A., Sugimoto M. Reduced Abundance of Butyrate-Producing Bacteria Species in the Fecal Microbial Community in Crohn’s Disease. Digestion. 2016;93:59–65. doi: 10.1159/000441768. PubMed DOI

Loubinoux J., Bronowicki J.P., Pereira I.A., Mougenel J.L., Faou A.E. Sulfate-reducing bacteria in human feces and their association with inflammatory bowel diseases. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2002;40:107–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00942.x. PubMed DOI

Zinkevich V., Beech I.B. Screening of sulfate-reducing bacteria in colonoscopy samples from healthy and colitic human gut mucosa. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2000;34:147–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00764.x. PubMed DOI

Caussy C., Hsu C., Lo M.T., Liu A., Bettencourt R., Ajmera V.H., Bassirian S., Hooker J., Sy E., Richards L., et al. Link between gut-microbiome derived metabolite and shared gene-effects with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in NAFLD. Hepatology. 2018;68:918–932. doi: 10.1002/hep.29892. PubMed DOI PMC

Hoyles L., Fernández-Real J.M., Federici M., Serino M., Abbott J., Charpentier J., Heymes C., Luque J.L., Anthony E., Barton R.H., et al. Molecular phenomics and metagenomics of hepatic steatosis in non-diabetic obese women. Nat. Med. 2018;24:1070–1080. doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0061-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Boursier J., Mueller O., Barret M., Machado M., Fizanne L., Araujo-Perez F., Guy C.D., Seed P.C., Rawls J.F., David L.A., et al. The severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with gut dysbiosis and shift in the metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Hepatology. 2016;63:764–775. doi: 10.1002/hep.28356. PubMed DOI PMC

Brandt L.J., Borody T.J., Campbell J. Endoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation: “first-line” treatment for severe clostridium difficile infection. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2011;45:655–657. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182257d4f. PubMed DOI

Hvas C.L., Baunwall S.M.D., Erikstrup C. Faecal microbiota transplantation: A life-saving therapy challenged by commercial claims for exclusivity. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;24:100436. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100436. PubMed DOI PMC

Baunwall S.M.D., Lee M.M., Eriksen M.K., Mullish B.H., Marchesi J.R., Dahlerup J.F., Hvas C.L. Faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;29–30:100642. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100642. PubMed DOI PMC

Lopetuso L.R., Ianiro G., Allegretti J.R., Bibbò S., Gasbarrini A., Scaldaferri F., Cammarota G. Fecal transplantation for ulcerative colitis: Current evidence and future applications. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2020;20:343–351. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1733964. PubMed DOI

Tian H., Ge X., Nie Y., Yang L., Ding C., McFarland L.V., Zhang X., Chen Q., Gong J., Li N. Fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with slow-transit constipation: A randomized, clinical trial. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0171308. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171308. PubMed DOI PMC

Cui J., Lin Z., Tian H., Yang B., Zhao D., Ye C., Li N., Qin H., Chen Q. Long-Term Follow-Up Results of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study. Front. Med. (Lausanne) 2021;8:710452. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.710452. PubMed DOI PMC

Bajaj J.S., Salzman N.H., Acharya C., Sterling R.K., White M.B., Gavis E.A., Fagan A., Hayward M., Holtz M.L., Matherly S., et al. Fecal microbial transplant capsules are safe in hepatic encephalopathy: A phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2019;70:1690–1703. doi: 10.1002/hep.30690. PubMed DOI PMC

Philips C.A., Pande A., Shasthry S.M., Jamwal K.D., Khillan V., Chandel S.S., Kumar G., Sharma M.K., Maiwall R., Jindal A., et al. Healthy donor fecal microbiota transplantation in steroid-ineligible severe alcoholic hepatitis: A pilot study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017;15:600–602. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.10.029. PubMed DOI

Schepici G., Silvestro S., Bramanti P., Mazzon E. The Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Trials. Cell Transplant. 2019;28:1507–1527. doi: 10.1177/0963689719873890. PubMed DOI PMC

Xue L.J., Yang X.Z., Tong Q., Shen P., Ma S.J., Wu S.N., Zheng J.L., Wang H.G. Fecal microbiota transplantation therapy for Parkinson’s disease: A preliminary study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99:e22035. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022035. PubMed DOI PMC

Sanders M.E., Merenstein D.J., Reid G., Gibson G.R., Rastall R.A. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: From biology to the clinic. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019;16:605–616. doi: 10.1038/s41575-019-0173-3. PubMed DOI

AlFaleh K., Anabrees J. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014:CD005496. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005496.pub4. PubMed DOI

Goldenberg J.Z., Lytvyn L., Steurich J., Parkin P., Mahant S., Johnston B.C. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015:CD004827. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub4. PubMed DOI

Mardini H.E., Grigorian A.Y. Probiotic mix VSL#3 is effective adjunctive therapy for mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis: A meta-analysis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2014;20:1562–1567. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000084. PubMed DOI

Whorwell P.J., Altringer L., Morel J., Bond Y., Charbonneau D., O’Mahony L., Kiely B., Shanahan F., Quigley E.M. Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1581–1590. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00734.x. PubMed DOI

Szajewska H., Kołodziej M., Gieruszczak-Białek D., Skórka A., Ruszczyński M., Shamir R. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children—A 2019 update. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2019;49:1376–1384. doi: 10.1111/apt.15267. PubMed DOI

Wang Z., Roberts A.B., Buffa J.A., Levison B.S., Zhu W., Org E., Gu X., Huang Y., Zamanian-Daryoush M., Culley M.K., et al. Non-lethal inhibition of gut microbial trimethylamine production for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Cell. 2015;163:1585–1595. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.055. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang Z., Klipfell E., Bennett B.J., Koeth R., Levison B.S., Dugar B., Feldstein A.E., Britt E.B., Fu X., Chung Y.M., et al. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2011;472:57–63. doi: 10.1038/nature09922. PubMed DOI PMC

Tang W.H., Wang Z., Levison B.S., Koeth R.A., Britt E.B., Fu X., Wu Y., Hazen S.L. Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;368:1575–1584. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1109400. PubMed DOI PMC

Jaworska K., Hering D., Mosieniak G., Bielak-Zmijewska A., Pilz M., Konwerski M., Gasecka A., Kapłon-Cieślicka A., Filipiak K., Sikora E., et al. TMA, A Forgotten Uremic Toxin, but Not TMAO, Is Involved in Cardiovascular Pathology. Toxins. 2019;11:490. doi: 10.3390/toxins11090490. PubMed DOI PMC

Vinolo M.A., Rodrigues H.G., Festuccia W.T., Crisma A.R., Alves V.S., Martins A.R., Amaral C.L., Fiamoncini J., Hirabara S.M., Sato F.T., et al. Tributyrin attenuates obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat-fed mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012;303:E272–E282. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00053.2012. PubMed DOI

Weitkunat K., Stuhlmann C., Postel A., Rumberger S., Fankhänel M., Woting A., Petzke K.J., Gohlke S., Schulz T.J., Blaut M., et al. Short-chain fatty acids and inulin, but not guar gum, prevent diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance through differential mechanisms in mice. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:6109. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06447-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Cipriani S., Mencarelli A., Palladino G., Fiorucci S. FXR activation reverses insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities and protects against liver steatosis in Zucker (fa/fa) obese rats. J. Lipid Res. 2010;51:771–784. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M001602. PubMed DOI PMC

Fickert P., Fuchsbichler A., Moustafa T., Wagner M., Zollner G., Halilbasic E., Stöger U., Arrese M., Pizarro M., Solís N., et al. Farnesoid X receptor critically determines the fibrotic response in mice but is expressed to a low extent in human hepatic stellate cells and periductal myofibroblasts. Am. J. Pathol. 2009;175:2392–2405. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090114. PubMed DOI PMC

Verbeke L., Farre R., Trebicka J., Komuta M., Roskams T., Klein S., Elst I.V., Windmolders P., Vanuytsel T., Nevens F., et al. Obeticholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, improves portal hypertension by two distinct pathways in cirrhotic rats. Hepatology. 2014;59:2286–2298. doi: 10.1002/hep.26939. PubMed DOI

Neuschwander-Tetri B.A., Loomba R., Sanyal A.J., Lavine J.E., Van Natta M.L., Abdelmalek M.F., Chalasani N., Dasarathy S., Diehl A.M., Hameed B., et al. Farnesoid X nuclear receptor ligand obeticholic acid for non-cirrhotic, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (FLINT): A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:956–965. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61933-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Harrison S.A., Rinella M.E., Abdelmalek M.F., Trotter J.F., Paredes A.H., Arnold H.L., Kugelmas M., Bashir M.R., Jaros M.J., Ling L., et al. NGM282 for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2018;391:1174–1185. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30474-4. PubMed DOI

Kostic A.D., Gevers D., Siljander H., Vatanen T., Hyötyläinen T., Hämäläinen A.M., Peet A., Tillmann V., Pöhö P., Mattila I., et al. The dynamics of the human infant gut microbiome in development and in progression toward type 1 diabetes. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17:260–273. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.01.001. PubMed DOI PMC

Scheperjans F., Aho V., Pereira P.A., Koskinen K., Paulin L., Pekkonen E., Haapaniemi E., Kaakkola S., Eerola-Rautio J., Pohja M., et al. Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson’s disease and clinical phenotype. Mov. Disord. 2015;30:350–358. doi: 10.1002/mds.26069. PubMed DOI

Najít záznam

Citační ukazatele

Nahrávání dat ...

Možnosti archivace

Nahrávání dat ...