Neurophotonics was launched in 2014 coinciding with the launch of the BRAIN Initiative focused on development of technologies for advancement of neuroscience. For the last seven years, Neurophotonics' agenda has been well aligned with this focus on neurotechnologies featuring new optical methods and tools applicable to brain studies. While the BRAIN Initiative 2.0 is pivoting towards applications of these novel tools in the quest to understand the brain, this status report reviews an extensive and diverse toolkit of novel methods to explore brain function that have emerged from the BRAIN Initiative and related large-scale efforts for measurement and manipulation of brain structure and function. Here, we focus on neurophotonic tools mostly applicable to animal studies. A companion report, scheduled to appear later this year, will cover diffuse optical imaging methods applicable to noninvasive human studies. For each domain, we outline the current state-of-the-art of the respective technologies, identify the areas where innovation is needed, and provide an outlook for the future directions.

Boston University Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston Massachusetts United States

Boston University Departments of Electrical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Boston Massachusetts United States

Brown University Department of Neuroscience Providence Rhode Island United States

California Institute of Technology Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Pasadena California United States

California Institute of Technology Departments of Electrical Engineering Bioengineering and Medical Engineering Pasadena California United States

Carnegie Mellon University Department of Biological Sciences Pittsburgh Pennsylvania United States

Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics Departments of Neurology Bioengineering Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States

Central Michigan University Department of Neuroscience Mount Pleasant Michigan United States

Columbia University Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute New York United States

Cornell University School of Applied and Engineering Physics Ithaca New York United States

Emory University Department of Pediatrics Atlanta Georgia United States

Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Atlanta Georgia United States

Harvard Medical School Department of Neurobiology Boston Massachusetts United States

Harvard Medical School Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Neurobiology Boston Massachusetts United States

Harvey Mudd College Department of Engineering Claremont California United States

Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience University of Bordeaux and CNRS Bordeaux France

Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies Arnesano Italy

Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Charlestown Massachusetts United States

National Institute of Optics National Research Council Rome Italy

New York University Grossman School of Medicine Tech4Health and Neuroscience Institutes New York New York United States

New York University Langone Health Departments of Ophthalmology and Radiology New York New York United States

Rockefeller University Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics New York New York United States

Salk Institute for Biological Studies Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center La Jolla California United States

Sorbonne University INSERM CNRS Institut de la Vision Paris France

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada Department of Medical Neurobiology Faculty of Medicine Jerusalem Israel

The Rockefeller University The Kavli Neural Systems Institute New York New York United States

University College London Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology London United Kingdom

University of Alberta Department of Chemistry Edmonton Alberta Canada

University of California Berkeley Department of Physics Berkeley California United States

University of California Berkeley Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute Berkeley California United States

University of California Davis Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Davis California United States

University of California San Diego Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering La Jolla California United States

University of California San Diego Departments of Neurosciences La Jolla California United States

University of California Santa Barbara Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Santa Barbara California United States

University of Campinas Institute of Physics Campinas São Paulo Brazil

University of Florence European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy Department of Biology Florence Italy

University of Florence European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy Department of Physics Florence Italy

University of Minnesota Department of Biomedical Engineering Minneapolis Minnesota United States

University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States

University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences Department of Chemistry Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States

University of Porto Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde Porto Portugal

University of Tokyo Department of Chemistry Tokyo Japan

Weizmann Institute of Science Department of Brain Sciences Rehovot Israel

Yale School of Medicine Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging New Haven Connecticut United States

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