Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) provide services that are critical to food production, and they fulfill an ecological role as a food source for predators. The richness, abundance, and distribution of ladybirds, however, are compromised by many anthropogenic threats. Meanwhile, a lack of knowledge of the conservation status of most species and the factors driving their population dynamics hinders the development and implementation of conservation strategies for ladybirds. We conducted a review of the literature on the ecology, diversity, and conservation of ladybirds to identify their key ecological threats. Ladybird populations are most affected by climate factors, landscape composition, and biological invasions. We suggest mitigating actions for ladybird conservation and recovery. Short-term actions include citizen science programs and education, protective measures for habitat recovery and threatened species, prevention of the introduction of non-native species, and the maintenance and restoration of natural areas and landscape heterogeneity. Mid-term actions involve the analysis of data from monitoring programs and insect collections to disentangle the effect of different threats to ladybird populations, understand habitat use by taxa on which there is limited knowledge, and quantify temporal trends of abundance, diversity, and biomass along a management-intensity gradient. Long-term actions include the development of a worldwide monitoring program based on standardized sampling to fill data gaps, increase explanatory power, streamline analyses, and facilitate global collaborations.

Las catarinas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) proporcionan servicios que son críticos para la producción de alimento, y juegan un papel ecológico como fuente de alimento para depredadores. Sin embargo, la riqueza, abundancia y distribución de catarinas están en peligro debido a muchas amenazas antropogénicas. La carencia de conocimiento sobre el estatus de conservación de la mayoría de las especies y los factores que inciden en su dinámica poblacional dificulta el desarrollo e implementación de estrategias de conservación para las catarinas. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura sobre la ecología, diversidad y conservación de catarinas para identificar sus amenazas ecológicas clave. Las poblaciones de catarinas fueron afectadas mayormente por factores climáticos, composición del paisaje e invasiones biológicas. Proponemos acciones de mitigación para la conservación y recuperación de catarinas. Acciones a corto plazo incluyen programas de ciencia y educación ciudadana, medidas de protección para la recuperación de hábitat y de especies amenazadas, prevención de la introducción de especies no nativas y el mantenimiento y restauración de áreas naturales y la heterogeneidad del paisaje. Acciones a mediano plazo implican el análisis de datos obtenidos de programas de monitoreo y colecciones de insectos para desenmarañar el efecto de las diferentes amenazas a las poblaciones de catarinas, comprender el uso del hábitat por taxa de los que se tiene conocimiento limitado y cuantifica las tendencias temporales de la abundancia, diversidad y biomasa a lo largo de un gradiente de intensidad de manejo. Acciones a largo plazo incluyen el desarrollo de un programa de monitoreo a nivel mundial basado en muestreos estandarizados para subsanar la falta de datos, incrementar el poder explicativo, optimizar los análisis y facilitar colaboraciones globales.

Agricultural Research Center Hays Department of Entomology Kansas State University Hays Kansas USA

Applied Ecology Research Group School of Life Sciences Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge UK

Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic

Center for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes Azorean Biodiversity Group Portugal

Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal

Crop Research Institute Prague Czech Republic

Department of Biogeography Trier University Trier Germany

Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium

Department of Biology Utah State University Logan Utah USA

Department of Entomology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA

Department of Zoology Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University Bratislava Slovak Republic

Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile

Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Forest Ecology Slovak Academy of Sciences Zvolen Slovak Republic

IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee Trier Germany

IUCN SSC Ladybird Specialist Group

Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

Ladybird Research Laboratory Department of Zoology University of Lucknow Lucknow India

Research Institute for Nature and Forest Geraardsbergen Belgium

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford UK

UMR RECOVER National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and the Environment and Aix Marseille University Aix en Provence France

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Standard deviation: Standardized bat monitoring techniques work better in some ecosystems