Genome size varies 2400-fold across plants, influencing their evolution through changes in cell size and cell division rates which impact plants' environmental stress tolerance. Repetitive element expansion explains much genome size diversity, and the processes structuring repeat 'communities' are analogous to those structuring ecological communities. However, which environmental stressors influence repeat community dynamics has not yet been examined from an ecological perspective. We measured genome size and leveraged climatic data for 91% of genera within the ecologically diverse palm family (Arecaceae). We then generated genomic repeat profiles for 141 palm species, and analysed repeats using phylogenetically informed linear models to explore relationships between repeat dynamics and environmental factors. We show that palm genome size and repeat 'community' composition are best explained by aridity. Specifically, Ty3-gypsy and TIR elements were more abundant in palm species from wetter environments, which generally had larger genomes, suggesting amplification. By contrast, Ty1-copia and LINE elements were more abundant in drier environments. Our results suggest that water stress inhibits repeat expansion through selection on upper genome size limits. However, elements that may associate with stress-response genes (e.g. Ty1-copia) have amplified in arid-adapted palm species. Overall, we provide novel evidence of climate influencing the assembly of repeat 'communities'.

Biology Centre Institute of Plant Molecular Biology Czech Academy of Sciences 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Department of Biology West Virginia University Morgantown WV 26506 USA

Institut Botànic de Barcelona Passeig del Migdia sn 08038 Barcelona Spain

Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 China

Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Surrey TW9 3AB UK

School of Biological Sciences University of Portsmouth Portsmouth Hampshire PO1 2DY UK

University of Exeter Laver Building North Park Road Exeter Devon EX4 4QE UK

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