Many dynamic interactions within the cell microenvironment modulate cell behavior and cell fate. However, the pathways and mechanisms behind cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix interactions remain understudied, as they occur at a nanoscale level. Recent progress in nanotechnology allows for mimicking of the microenvironment at nanoscale in vitro; electron-beam lithography (EBL) is currently the most promising technique. Although this nanopatterning technique can generate nanostructures of good quality and resolution, it has resulted, thus far, in the production of only simple shapes (e.g., rectangles) over a relatively small area (100 × 100 μm), leaving its potential in biological applications unfulfilled. Here, we used EBL for cell-interaction studies by coating cell-culture-relevant material with electron-conductive indium tin oxide, which formed nanopatterns of complex nanohexagonal structures over a large area (500 × 500 μm). We confirmed the potential of EBL for use in cell-interaction studies by analyzing specific cell responses toward differentially distributed nanohexagons spaced at 1000, 500, and 250 nm. We found that our optimized technique of EBL with HaloTags enabled the investigation of broad changes to a cell-culture-relevant surface and can provide an understanding of cellular signaling mechanisms at a single-molecule level.

Core Facility Cellular Imaging CEITEC Masaryk University Kamenice 5 Brno 625 00 Czech Republic

Department of Biology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Kamenice 5 Brno 625 00 Czech Republic

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kamenice 5 Brno 625 00 Czech Republic

Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Kamenice 5 Brno 625 00 Czech Republic

International Clinical Research Center St Anne's University Hospital Pekařská 53 Brno 656 91 Czech Republic

Loschmidt Laboratories Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment Masaryk University Kamenice 5 Brno 625 00 Czech Republic

TESCAN Brno s r o Libušina tř 1 Brno 623 00 Czech Republic

TESCAN Orsay Holding a s Libušina tř 863 Brno 623 00 Czech Republic

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