Soil invertebrates (i.e., soil fauna) are important drivers of many key processes in soils including soil aggregate formation, water retention, and soil organic matter transformation. Many soil fauna groups directly or indirectly participate in litter consumption. However, the quantity of litter consumed by major faunal groups across biomes remains unknown. To estimate this quantity, we reviewed > 1000 observations from 70 studies that determined the biomass of soil fauna across various biomes and 200 observations from 44 studies on litter consumption by soil fauna. To compare litter consumption with annual litterfall, we analyzed 692 observations from 24 litterfall studies and 183 observations from 28 litter stock studies. The biomass of faunal groups was highest in temperate grasslands and then decreased in the following order: boreal forest > temperate forest > tropical grassland > tundra > tropical forest > Mediterranean ecosystems > desert and semidesert. Tropical grasslands, desert biomes, and Mediterranean ecosystems were dominated by termites. Temperate grasslands were dominated by omnivores, while temperate forests were dominated by earthworms. On average, estimated litter consumption (relative to total litter input) ranged from a low of 14.9% in deserts to a high of 100.4% in temperate grassland. Litter consumption by soil fauna was greater in grasslands than in forests. This is the first study to estimate the effect of different soil fauna groups on litter consumption and related processes at global scale.

Biology Centre ACR Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry Na Sádkách 7 Ceske Budejovice 37005 Czech Republic

CREAF Universitat Autònoma Barcelona E08193 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain

Department of Biology Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Cara Hadrijana 8 A 31000 Osijek Croatia

Department of General and Theoretical Ecology UFT Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology University of Bremen FB 02 Leobener Straße 6 28359 Bremen Germany

Faculty of Science Institute for Environmental Studies Charles University Benátská 2 Praha 12800 Czech Republic

IEES Paris UPMC 4 place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France

Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development University Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Nerus Terengganu Malaysia

Pyrenean Institute of Ecology IPE CSIC Avda Ntra Sra de la Victoria 16 Jaca 22700 Huesca Spain

Soil Science Department Agriculture Institute Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW Nowoursynowska 166 02 787 Warsaw Poland

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland

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