The karyotype differentiation of the twelve known members of the Nothobranchiusugandensis Wildekamp, 1994 species group is reviewed and the karyotype composition of seven of its species is described herein for the first time using a conventional cytogenetic protocol. Changes in the architecture of eukaryotic genomes often have a major impact on processes underlying reproductive isolation, adaptation and diversification. African annual killifishes of the genus Nothobranchius Peters, 1868 (Teleostei: Nothobranchiidae), which are adapted to an extreme environment of ephemeral wetland pools in African savannahs, feature extensive karyotype evolution in small, isolated populations and thus are suitable models for studying the interplay between karyotype change and species evolution. The present investigation reveals a highly conserved diploid chromosome number (2n = 36) but a variable number of chromosomal arms (46-64) among members of the N.ugandensis species group, implying a significant role of pericentric inversions and/or other types of centromeric shift in the karyotype evolution of the group. When superimposed onto a phylogenetic tree based on molecular analyses of two mitochondrial genes the cytogenetic characteristics did not show any correlation with the phylogenetic relationships within the lineage. While karyotypes of many other Nothobranchius spp. studied to date diversified mainly via chromosome fusions and fissions, the N.ugandensis species group maintains stable 2n and the karyotype differentiation seems to be constrained to intrachromosomal rearrangements. Possible reasons for this difference in the trajectory of karyotype differentiation are discussed. While genetic drift seems to be a major factor in the fixation of chromosome rearrangements in Nothobranchius, future studies are needed to assess the impact of predicted multiple inversions on the genome evolution and species diversification within the N.ugandensis species group.

Laboratory of Fish Genetics Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Czech Academy of Sciences Rumburská 89 27721 Liběchov Czech Republic Laboratory of Fish Genetics Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Czech Academy of Sciences Liběchov Czech Republic

Parkwood Drive Nanaimo British Columbia V9T 6A2 Nanaimo Canada Unaffiliated Nanaimo Canada

Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33 119071 Moscow Russia Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

voie de la Liberté 77870 Vulaines sur Seine France Unaffiliated Vulaines sur Seine France

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