It is believed that 3D bioprinting will greatly help the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, as live patient cells are incorporated into the material, which directly creates a 3D structure. Thus, this method has potential in many types of human body tissues. Collagen provides an advantage, as it is the most common extracellular matrix present in all kinds of tissues and is, therefore, very natural for cells and the organism. Hydrogels with highly concentrated collagen make it possible to create 3D structures without additional additives to crosslink the polymer, which could negatively affect cell proliferation and viability. This study established a new method for preparing highly concentrated collagen bioinks, which does not negatively affect cell proliferation and viability. The method is based on two successive neutralizations of the prepared hydrogel using the bicarbonate buffering mechanisms of the 2× enhanced culture medium and pH adjustment by adding NaOH. Collagen hydrogel was used in concentrations of 20 and 30 mg/mL dissolved in acetic acid with a concentration of 0.05 and 0.1 wt.%. The bioink preparation process is automated, including colorimetric pH detection and adjustment. The new method was validated using bioprinting and subsequent cultivation of collagen hydrogels with incorporated stromal cells. After 96 h of cultivation, cell proliferation and viability were not statistically significantly reduced.

Department of Biomedical Technology Faculty of Biomedical Engineering Czech Technical University Prague 272 01 Kladno Czech Republic

Department of Composites and Carbon Materials Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics of The Czech Academy of Sciences v v i 182 09 Prague Czech Republic

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Current Status of Bioprinting Using Polymer Hydrogels for the Production of Vascular Grafts

Active Media Perfusion in Bioprinted Highly Concentrated Collagen Bioink Enhances the Viability of Cell Culture and Substrate Remodeling