It has been almost a century since biologically active gibberellin (GA) was isolated. Here, we give a historical overview of the early efforts in establishing the GA biosynthesis and catabolism pathway, characterizing the enzymes for GA metabolism, and elucidating their corresponding genes. We then highlight more recent studies that have identified the GA receptors and early GA signaling components (DELLA repressors and F-box activators), determined the molecular mechanism of DELLA-mediated transcription reprograming, and revealed how DELLAs integrate multiple signaling pathways to regulate plant vegetative and reproductive development in response to internal and external cues. Finally, we discuss the GA transporters and their roles in GA-mediated plant development.

Department of Biology Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA

Laboratory of Growth Regulators Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacky University 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic

School of Plant Sciences and Food Security Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel

Sustainable Soils and Crops Rothamsted Research Harpenden AL5 2JQ UK

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Aach H, Böse G, Graebe JE. DOI

An F, Zhang X, Zhu Z, Ji Y, He W, Jiang Z, Li M, Guo H. Coordinated regulation of apical hook development by gibberellins and ethylene in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. Cell Res. 2012:22(5):915–927. 10.1038/cr.2012.29 PubMed DOI PMC

Anfang M, Shani E. Transport mechanisms of plant hormones. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2021:63:102055. 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102055 PubMed DOI PMC

Arana MV, Marin-de la Rosa N, Maloof JN, Blázquez MA, Alabadí D. Circadian oscillation of gibberellin signaling in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011:108(22):9292–9297. 10.1073/pnas.1101050108 PubMed DOI PMC

Arnaud N, Girin T, Sorefan K, Fuentes S, Wood TA, Lawrenson T, Sablowski R, Østergaard L. Gibberellins control fruit patterning in PubMed DOI PMC

Bai MY, Shang JX, Oh E, Fan M, Bai Y, Zentella R, Sun TP, Wang Z-Y. Brassinosteroid, gibberellin, and phytochrome signalling pathways impinge on a common transcription module in Arabidopsis. Nat Cell Biol. 2012:14(8):810–817. 10.1038/ncb2546 PubMed DOI PMC

Barker R, Fernandez Garcia MN, Powers SJ, Vaughan S, Bennett MJ, Phillips AL, Thomas SG, Hedden P. Mapping sites of gibberellin biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis root tip. New Phytol. 2021:229(3):1521–1534. 10.1111/nph.16967 PubMed DOI

Bearder JR, MacMillan J, Phinney BO. Fungal products. Part XIV. Metabolic pathways from DOI

Bensen RJ, Johal GS, Crane VC, Tossberg JT, Schnable PS, Meeley RB, Briggs SP. Cloning and characterization of the maize PubMed DOI PMC

Bhattacharya A, Kourmpetli S, Ward DA, Thomas SG, Gong F, Powers SJ, Carrera E, Taylor B, Gonzalez FND, Tudzynski B, et al. Characterization of the fungal gibberellin desaturase as a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase and its utilization for enhancing plant growth. Plant Physiol. 2012:160(2):837–845. 10.1104/pp.112.201756 PubMed DOI PMC

Binenbaum J, Weinstain R, Shani E. Gibberellin localization and transport in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2018:23(5):410–421. 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.02.005 PubMed DOI

Binenbaum J, Wulff N, Camut L, Kiradjiev K, Anfang M, Tal I, Vasuki H, Zhang Y, Sakvarelidze-Achard L, Davière J-M. PubMed DOI PMC

Binks R, MacMillan J, Pryce RJ. Plant hormones—VIII: combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of methyl esters of gibberellins A DOI

Birch AJ, Rickards RW, Smith H. The biosynthesis of gibberellic acid. Proc Chem Soc. 1958:192–193.

Björklund S, Antti H, Uddestrand I, Moritz T, Sundberg B. Cross-talk between gibberellin and auxin in development of Populus wood: gibberellin stimulates polar auxin transport and has a common transcriptome with auxin. Plant J. 2007:52(3):499–511. 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03250.x PubMed DOI

Blanco-Touriñán N, Legris M, Minguet EG, Costigliolo-Rojas C, Nohales MA, Iniesto E, García-León M, Pacín M, Heucken N, Bloemeir T, et al. COP1 destabilizes DELLA proteins in PubMed DOI PMC

Blanco-Touriñán N, Serrano-Mislata A, Alabadí D. Regulation of DELLA proteins by post-translational modifications. Plant Cell Physiol. 2020b:61(11):1891–1901. 10.1093/pcp/pcaa113 PubMed DOI PMC

Börner A, Plaschke J, Korzun V, Worland AJ. The relationships between the dwarfing genes of wheat and rye. Euphytica. 1996:89(1):69–75. 10.1007/BF00015721 DOI

Bouré N, Arnaud N. Molecular GA pathways as conserved integrators for adaptive responses. Plant Biol. 2023:25(5):649–660. 10.1111/plb.13549 PubMed DOI

Brian PW. The effects of some microbial metabolic products on plant growth. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1957:11:166–181. PubMed

Brian PW, Elson GW, Hemming HG, Radley M. The plant growth promoting properties of gibberellic acid, a metabolic product of the fungus, DOI

Campanaro A, Battaglia R, Galbiati M, Sadanandom A, Tonelli C, Conti L. SUMO proteases OTS1 and 2 control filament elongation through a DELLA-dependent mechanism. Plant Reprod. 2016:29(4):287–290. 10.1007/s00497-016-0292-8 PubMed DOI

Camut L, Gallova B, Jilli L, Sirlin-Josserand M, Carrera E, Sakvarelidze-Achard L, Ruffel S, Krouk G, Thomas SG, Hedden P, et al. Nitrate signaling promotes plant growth by upregulating gibberellin biosynthesis and destabilization of DELLA proteins. Curr Biol. 2021:31(22):4971–4982.e4974. 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.024 PubMed DOI

Camut L, Regnault T, Sirlin-Josserand M, Sakvarelidze-Achard L, Carrera E, Zumsteg J, Heintz D, Leonhardt N, Lange MJP, Lange T. Root-derived GA PubMed DOI

Chandler PM, Marion-Poll A, Ellis M, Gubler F. Mutants at the PubMed DOI PMC

Chiang HH, Hwang I, Goodman HM. Isolation of the PubMed DOI PMC

Chiba Y, Shimizu T, Miyakawa S, Kanno Y, Koshiba T, Kamiya Y, Seo M. Identification of PubMed DOI

Chin TY, Lockhart JA. Translocation of applied gibberellin in bean seedlings. Am J Bot. 1965:52(8):828–833. 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1965.tb07254.x DOI

Colebrook EH, Thomas SG, Phillips AL, Hedden P. The role of gibberellin signalling in plant responses to abiotic stress. J Exp Biol. 2014:217(1):67–75. 10.1242/jeb.089938 PubMed DOI

Conti L, Nelis S, Zhang C, Woodcock A, Swarup R, Galbiati M, Tonelli C, Napier R, Hedden P, Bennett M, et al. Small ubiquitin-like modifier protein SUMO enables plants to control growth independently of the phytohormone gibberellin. Dev Cell. 2014:28(1):102–110. 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.12.004 PubMed DOI

Cowling RJ, Kamiya Y, Seto H, Harberd NP. Gibberellin dose-response regulation of PubMed DOI PMC

Crocco CD, Locascio A, Escudero CM, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA, Botto JF. The transcriptional regulator BBX24 impairs DELLA activity to promote shade avoidance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun. 2015:6(1):6202. 10.1038/ncomms7202 PubMed DOI

Cross BE, Hanson JR, Galt RHB. The biosynthesis of the gibberellins. Part I. (-)-kaurene as a precursor of gibberellic acid. J Chem Soc. 1964:295–300. 10.1039/JR9640000295 DOI

Curtis PJ, Cross BE. Gibberellic acid—a new metabolite from the culture filtrates of

Dai C, Xue HW. Rice early flowering1, a CKI, phosphorylates DELLA protein SLR1 to negatively regulate gibberellin signalling. EMBO J. 2010:29(11):1916–1927. 10.1038/emboj.2010.75 PubMed DOI PMC

David LC, Berquin P, Kanno Y, Seo M, Daniel-Vedele F, Ferrario-Méry S. N availability modulates the role of NPF3.1, a gibberellin transporter, in GA-mediated phenotypes in Arabidopsis. Planta. 2016:244(6):1315–1328. 10.1007/s00425-016-2588-1 PubMed DOI

Davière JM, Achard P. A pivotal role of DELLAs in regulating multiple hormone signals. Mol Plant. 2016:9(1):10–20. 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.011 PubMed DOI

Davière JM, Wild M, Regnault T, Baumberger N, Eisler H, Genschik P, Achard P. Class I TCP-DELLA interactions in inflorescence shoot apex determine plant height. Curr Biol. 2014:24(16):1923–1928. 10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.012 PubMed DOI

Dayan J, Voronin N, Gong F, Sun TP, Hedden P, Fromm H, Aloni R. Leaf-induced gibberellin signaling is essential for internode elongation, cambial activity, and fiber differentiation in tobacco stems. Plant Cell. 2012:24(1):66–79. 10.1105/tpc.111.093096 PubMed DOI PMC

de Lucas M, Daviere JM, Rodríguez-Falcón M, Pontin M, Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Lorrain S, Fankhauser C, Blázquez MA, Titarenko E, Prat S. A molecular framework for light and gibberellin control of cell elongation. Nature. 2008:451(7177):480–484. 10.1038/nature06520 PubMed DOI

Dennis DT, West CA. Biosynthesis of gibberellins. III. Conversion of (-)-kaurene to (-)-kauren-19-oic acid in endosperm of PubMed DOI

Dill A, Jung H-S, Sun TP. The DELLA motif is essential for gibberellin-induced degradation of RGA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001:98(24):14162–14167. 10.1073/pnas.251534098 PubMed DOI PMC

Dill A, Thomas SG, Hu J, Steber CM, Sun TP. The Arabidopsis F-box protein SLEEPY1 targets GA signaling repressors for GA-induced degradation. Plant Cell. 2004:16(6):1392–1405. 10.1105/tpc.020958 PubMed DOI PMC

Djakovic-Petrovic T, de Wit M, Voesenek LA, Pierik R. DELLA protein function in growth responses to canopy signals. Plant J. 2007:51(1):117–126. 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03122.x PubMed DOI

Duncan JD, West CA. Properties of kaurene synthetase from PubMed DOI PMC

Evans R, Hanson JR. Studies in terpenoid biosynthesis. Part XIII. Biosynthetic relationship of gibberellins in DOI

Fall RR, West CA. Purification and properties of kaurene synthetase from PubMed DOI

Feng S, Martinez C, Gusmaroli G, Wang Y, Zhou J, Wang F, Chen L, Yu L, Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Kircher S, et al. Coordinated regulation of PubMed DOI PMC

Fonouni-Farde C, Tan S, Baudin M, Brault M, Wen J, Mysore KS, Niebel A, Frugier F, Diet A. DELLA-mediated gibberellin signalling regulates nod factor signalling and rhizobial infection. Nat Commun. 2016:7(1):12636. 10.1038/ncomms12636 PubMed DOI PMC

Foster CA. Slender: an accelerated extension growth mutant of barley. Barley Genet Newsl. 1977:7:24–27.

Fuentes S, Ljung K, Sorefan K, Alvey E, Harberd NP, Østergaard L. Fruit growth in Arabidopsis occurs via DELLA-dependent and DELLA-independent gibberellin responses. Plant Cell. 2012:24(10):3982–3996. 10.1105/tpc.112.103192 PubMed DOI PMC

Fukazawa J, Teramura H, Murakoshi S, Nasuno K, Nishida N, Ito T, Yoshida M, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S, Takahashi Y. DELLAs function as coactivators of GAI-ASSOCIATED FACTOR1 in regulation of gibberellin homeostasis and signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2014:26(7):2920–2938. 10.1105/tpc.114.125690 PubMed DOI PMC

Gallego-Bartolomé J, Minguet EG, Grau-Enguix F, Abbas M, Locascio A, Thomas SG, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA. Molecular mechanism for the interaction between gibberellin and brassinosteroid signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012:109(33):13446–13451. 10.1073/pnas.1119992109 PubMed DOI PMC

Goff SA, Ricke D, Lan TH, Presting G, Wang R, Dunn M, Glazebrook J, Sessions A, Oeller P, Varma H, et al. A draft sequence of the rice genome ( PubMed DOI

Gomez MD, Ventimilla D, Sacristan R, Perez-Amador MA. Gibberellins regulate ovule integument development by interfering with the transcription factor ATS. Plant Physiol. 2016:172(4):2403–2415. 10.1104/pp.16.01231 PubMed DOI PMC

Graebe JE, Bowen DH, MacMillan J. Conversion of mevalonic acid into gibberellin A PubMed DOI

Graebe JE, Dennis DT, Upper CD, West CA. Biosynthesis of gibberellins. I. Biosynthesis of (-)-kaurene, (-)-kauren-19-ol and PubMed DOI

Graebe JE, Hedden P, Gaskin P, MacMillan J. Biosynthesis of a C PubMed DOI

Graebe JE, Hedden P, Gaskin P, MacMillan J. Biosynthesis of gibberellins A DOI

Graebe JE, Hedden P, Rademacher W. Gibberellin biosynthesis. In: Lenton JR, editors. Gibberellins—chemistry, physiology and use, vol 5. Wantage: British Plant Growth Regulator Group; 1980. p. 31–47.

Griffiths J, Murase K, Rieu I, Zentella R, Zhang ZL, Powers SJ, Gong F, Phillips AL, Hedden P, Sun TP, et al. Genetic characterization and functional analysis of the GID1 gibberellin receptors in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2006:18(12):3399–3414. 10.1105/tpc.106.047415 PubMed DOI PMC

Grove JF. The gibberellins. Q Rev. 1961:15(1):56–70. 10.1039/qr9611500056 DOI

Hart GW. Nutrient regulation of signaling and transcription. J Biol Chem. 2019:294(7):2211–2231. 10.1074/jbc.AW119.003226 PubMed DOI PMC

Hasson EP, West CA. Properties of the system for the mixed-function oxidation of kaurene and kaurene derivatives in microsomes of the immature seed of PubMed DOI PMC

Hayashi T. Biochemical studies on ‘bakanae’ fungus of the rice. Part VI. Effect of gibberellin on the activity of amylase in germinated cereal grains. J Agri Chem Soc Japan. 1940:16:531–538.

He J, Chen QW, Xin PY, Yuan J, Ma YH, Wang XM, Xu MM, Chu JF, Peters RJ, Wang GD. CYP72A enzymes catalyse 13-hydrolyzation of gibberellins. Nat Plants. 2019:5(10):1057–1065. 10.1038/s41477-019-0511-z PubMed DOI PMC

Hedden P. The current status of research on gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2020:61(11):1832–1849. 10.1093/pcp/pcaa092 PubMed DOI PMC

Hedden P, Croker SJ. Regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis in maize seedlings. In: Karssen CM, Van Loon LC, Vreugdenhil D, editors. Progress in plant growth regulation: proceedings of the 14th international conference on plant growth substances. Dordrecht: Kluwer; 1992. p. 534–544.

Hedden P, Graebe JE. Cofactor requirements for the soluble oxidases in the metabolism of C

Hedden P, Phillips AL, Rojas MC, Carrera E, Tudzynski B. Gibberellin biosynthesis in plants and fungi: a case of convergent evolution? J Plant Growth Regul. 2001:20(4):319–331. 10.1007/s003440010037 PubMed DOI

Hedden P, Phinney BO. Comparison of DOI

Hedden P, Sponsel V. A century of gibberellin research. J Plant Growth Regul. 2015:34(4):740–760. 10.1007/s00344-015-9546-1 PubMed DOI PMC

Hedden P, Thomas SG. Gibberellin biosynthesis and its regulation. Biochem J. 2012:444(1):11–25. 10.1042/BJ20120245 PubMed DOI

Helliwell CA, Chandler PM, Poole A, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ. The CYP88A cytochrome P450, PubMed DOI PMC

Helliwell CA, Sheldon CC, Olive MR, Walker AR, Zeevaart JA, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. Cloning of the PubMed DOI PMC

Helliwell CA, Sullivan JA, Mould RM, Gray JC, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. A plastid envelope location of PubMed DOI

Hernández-García J, Briones-Moreno A, Blázquez MA. Origin and evolution of gibberellin signaling and metabolism in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021:109:46–54. 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.009 PubMed DOI

Hernández-García J, Briones-Moreno A, Dumas R, Blázquez MA. Origin of gibberellin-dependent transcriptional regulation by molecular exploitation of a transactivation domain in DELLA proteins. Mol Biol Evol. 2019:36(5):908–918. 10.1093/molbev/msz009 PubMed DOI

Hirano K, Asano K, Tsuji H, Kawamura M, Mori H, Kitano H, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Matsuoka M. Characterization of the molecular mechanism underlying gibberellin perception complex formation in rice. Plant Cell. 2010:22(8):2680–2696. 10.1105/tpc.110.075549 PubMed DOI PMC

Hoad G, Bowen M. Evidence for gibberellin-like substances in phloem exudate of higher plants. Planta. 1968:82(1):22–32. 10.1007/BF00384695 PubMed DOI

Hou X, Hu WW, Shen L, Lee LY, Tao Z, Han JH, Yu H. Global identification of DELLA target genes during Arabidopsis flower development. Plant Physiol. 2008:147(3):1126–1142. 10.1104/pp.108.121301 PubMed DOI PMC

Hou X, Lee LY, Xia K, Yan Y, Yu H. DELLAs modulate jasmonate signaling via competitive binding to JAZs. Dev Cell. 2010:19(6):884–894. 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.10.024 PubMed DOI

Hou X, Zhou J, Liu C, Liu L, Shen L, Yu H. Nuclear factor Y-mediated H3K27me3 demethylation of the PubMed DOI

Hu J, Mitchum MG, Barnaby N, Ayele BT, Ogawa M, Nam E, Lai WC, Hanada A, Alonso JM, Ecker JR, et al. Potential sites of bioactive gibberellin production during reproductive growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2008:20(2):320–336.. 10.1105/tpc.107.057752 PubMed DOI PMC

Hu Y, Zhou L, Huang M, He X, Yang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Hou X. Gibberellins play an essential role in late embryogenesis of Arabidopsis. Nat Plants. 2018:4(5):289–298. 10.1038/s41477-018-0143-8 PubMed DOI

Hyun Y, Richter R, Vincent C, Martinez-Gallegos R, Porri A, Coupland G. Multi-layered regulation of SPL15 and cooperation with SOC1 integrate endogenous flowering pathways at the Arabidopsis shoot meristem. Dev Cell. 2016:37(3):254–266. 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.04.001 PubMed DOI

Ikeda A, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Sonoda Y, Kitano H, Koshioka M, Futsuhara Y, Matsuoka M, Yamaguchi J. PubMed DOI PMC

Ingram TJ, Reid JB, Murfet IC, Gaskin P, Willis CL, MacMillan J. Internode length in PubMed DOI

Itoh H, Sasaki A, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ishiyama K, Kobayashi M, Hasegawa Y, Minami E, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M. Dissection of the phosphorylation of rice DELLA protein, SLENDER RICE1. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005:46(8):1392–1399. 10.1093/pcp/pci152 PubMed DOI

Itoh H, Tanaka-Ueguchi M, Kawaide H, Chen X, Kamiya Y, Matsuoka M. The gene encoding tobacco gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase is expressed at the site of GA action during stem elongation and flower organ development. Plant J. 1999:20(1):15–24. 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00568.x PubMed DOI

Itoh H, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Sentoku N, Kitano H, Matsuoka M, Kobayashi M. Cloning and functional analysis of two gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase genes that are differently expressed during the growth of rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001:98(15):8909–8914. 10.1073/pnas.141239398 PubMed DOI PMC

Jacobsen SE, Binkowski KA, Olszewski NE. SPINDLY, a tetratricopeptide repeat protein involved in gibberellin signal transduction in PubMed DOI PMC

Jacobsen SE, Olszewski NE. Mutations at the PubMed DOI PMC

Jasinski S, Tattersall A, Piazza P, Hay A, Martinez-Garcia JF, Schmitz G, Theres K, McCormick S, Tsiantis M. PubMed DOI

Jin Y, Liu H, Luo D, Yu N, Dong W, Wang C, Zhang X, Dai H, Yang J, Wang E. DELLA proteins are common components of symbiotic rhizobial and mycorrhizal signalling pathways. Nat Commun. 2016:7(1):12433. 10.1038/ncomms12433 PubMed DOI PMC

Josse EM, Gan Y, Bou-Torrent J, Stewart KL, Gilday AD, Jeffree CE, Vaistij FE, Martínez-García JF, Nagy F, Graham IA, et al. A DELLA in disguise: SPATULA restrains the growth of the developing Arabidopsis seedling. Plant Cell. 2011:23(4):1337–1351. 10.1105/tpc.110.082594 PubMed DOI PMC

Kamiya Y, Graebe JE. The biosynthesis of all major pea gibberellins in a cell-free system from DOI

Kaneko M, Itoh H, Inukai Y, Sakamoto T, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ashikari M, Matsuoka M. Where do gibberellin biosynthesis and gibberellin signaling occur in rice plants? Plant J. 2003:35(1):104–115. 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01780.x PubMed DOI

Kanno Y, Oikawa T, Chiba Y, Ishimaru Y, Shimizu T, Sano N, Koshiba T, Kamiya Y, Ueda M, Seo M. AtSWEET13 and AtSWEET14 regulate gibberellin-mediated physiological processes. Nat Commun. 2016:7(1):13245. 10.1038/ncomms13245 PubMed DOI PMC

Kanstrup C, Nour-Eldin HH. The emerging role of the nitrate and peptide transporter family: Npf in plant specialized metabolism. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2022:68:102243. 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102243 PubMed DOI

Kasahara H, Hanada A, Kuzuyama T, Takagi M, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S. Contribution of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways to the biosynthesis of gibberellins in PubMed DOI

Kim TH, Hauser F, Ha T, Xue S, Böhmer M, Nishimura N, Munemasa S, Hubbard K, Peine N, Lee BH, et al. Chemical genetics reveals negative regulation of abscisic acid signaling by a plant immune response pathway. Curr Biol. 2011:21(11):990–997. 10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.045 PubMed DOI PMC

Koornneef M, Elgersma A, Hanhart CJ, van Loenen MEP, van Rijn L, Zeevaart JAD. A gibberellin insensitive mutant of DOI

Koornneef M, van der Veen JH. Induction and analysis of gibberellin sensitive mutants in PubMed DOI

Kurosawa E. Experimental studies on the nature of the substance excreted by the ‘bakanae’ fungus. Transa Nat Hist Soc Formosa. 1926:16:213–227.

Lacombe B, Achard P. Long-distance transport of phytohormones through the plant vascular system. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2016:34:1–8. 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.007 PubMed DOI

Lang A. Bolting and flowering in biennial H

Lange T. Purification and partial amino-acid-sequence of gibberellin 20-oxidase from PubMed DOI

Lange T, Hedden P, Graebe JE. Expression cloning of a gibberellin 20-oxidase, a multifunctional enzyme involved in gibberellin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994:91(18):8552–8556. 10.1073/pnas.91.18.8552 PubMed DOI PMC

Lange T, Kramer C, Lange MJP. The class III gibberellin 2-oxidases PubMed DOI PMC

Lange MJP, Lange T. Ovary-derived precursor gibberellin A PubMed DOI

Lantzouni O, Alkofer A, Falter-Braun P, Schwechheimer C. GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORS interact with DELLAs and regulate growth in cold stress. Plant Cell. 2020:32(4):1018–1034. 10.1105/tpc.19.00784 PubMed DOI PMC

Lawit SJ, Wych HM, Xu D, Kundu S, Tomes DT. Maize DELLA proteins dwarf plant8 and dwarf plant9 as modulators of plant development. Plant Cell Physiol. 2010:51(11):1854–1868. 10.1093/pcp/pcq153 PubMed DOI

Lee DJ, Zeevaart JAD. Regulation of gibberellin 20-oxidase1 expression in spinach by photoperiod. Planta. 2007:226(1):35–44. 10.1007/s00425-006-0463-1 PubMed DOI

Lester DR, Ross JJ, Davies PJ, Reid JB. Mendel’s stem length gene ( PubMed DOI PMC

Lester DR, Ross JJ, Smith JJ, Elliott RC, Reid JB. Gibberellin 2-oxidation and the PubMed DOI

Li S, Tian Y, Wu K, Ye Y, Yu J, Zhang J, Liu Q, Hu M, Li H, Tong Y, et al. Modulating plant growth-metabolism coordination for sustainable agriculture. Nature. 2018:560(7720):595–600. 10.1038/s41586-018-0415-5 PubMed DOI PMC

Liao CY, Smet W, Brunoud G, Yoshida S, Vernoux T, Weijers D. Reporters for sensitive and quantitative measurement of auxin response. Nat Methods. 2015:12(3):207–210. 10.1038/nmeth.3279 PubMed DOI PMC

Lim S, Park J, Lee N, Jeong J, Toh S, Watanabe A, Kim J, Kang H, Kim DH, Kawakami N, et al. ABA-insensitive3, ABA-insensitive5, and DELLAs interact to activate the expression of PubMed DOI PMC

Liu Q, Wu K, Song W, Zhong N, Wu Y, Fu X. Improving crop nitrogen use efficiency toward sustainable green revolution. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2022:73(1):523–551. 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070121-015752 PubMed DOI

Locascio A, Blázquez MA, Alabadí D. Dynamic regulation of cortical microtubule organization through prefoldin-DELLA interaction. Curr Biol. 2013:23(9):804–809. 10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.053 PubMed DOI

Lovegrove A, Hooley R. Gibberellin and abscisic acid signalling in aleurone. Trends Plant Sci. 2000:5(3):102–110. 10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01571-5 PubMed DOI

MacMillan J. Biosynthesis of the gibberellin plant hormones. Nat Prod Rep. 1997:14(3):221–243. 10.1039/np9971400221 DOI

Macmillan J, Suter PJ. The occurrence of gibberellin A DOI

Magome H, Nomura T, Hanada A, Takeda-Kamiya N, Ohnishi T, Shinma Y, Katsumata T, Kawaide H, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S. CYP714B1 and CYP714B2 encode gibberellin 13-oxidases that reduce gibberellin activity in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013:110(5):1947–1952. 10.1073/pnas.1215788110 PubMed DOI PMC

Marin-de la Rosa N, Sotillo B, Miskolczi P, Gibbs DJ, Vicente J, Carbonero P, Onate-Sanchez L, Holdsworth MJ, Bhalerao R, Alabadí D, et al. Large-scale identification of gibberellin-related transcription factors defines group VII ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORS as functional DELLA partners. Plant Physiol. 2014:166(2):1022–1032. 10.1104/pp.114.244723 PubMed DOI PMC

Marín-de la Rosa N, Pfeiffer A, Hill K, Locascio A, Bhalerao RP, Miskolczi P, Grønlund AL, Wanchoo-Kohli A, Thomas SG, Bennett MJ, et al. Genome wide binding site analysis reveals transcriptional coactivation of cytokinin-responsive genes by DELLA proteins. PLoS Genet. 2015:11(7):e1005337. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005337 PubMed DOI PMC

Martin DN, Proebsting WM, Hedden P. Mendel's dwarfing gene: cDNAs from the PubMed DOI PMC

Martin DN, Proebsting WM, Hedden P. The PubMed DOI PMC

Matías-Hernández L, Aguilar-Jaramillo AE, Osnato M, Weinstain R, Shani E, Suárez-López P, Pelaz S. TEMPRANILLO reveals the mesophyll as crucial for epidermal trichome formation. Plant Physiol. 2016:170(3):1624–1639. 10.1104/pp.15.01309 PubMed DOI PMC

McGinnis KM, Thomas SG, Soule JD, Strader LC, Zale JM, Sun TP, Steber CM. The Arabidopsis PubMed DOI PMC

Mehra P, Pandey BK, Melebari D, Banda J, Leftley N, Couvreur V, Rowe J, Anfang M, De Gernier H, Morris E. Hydraulic flux–responsive hormone redistribution determines root branching. Science. 2022:378(6621):762–768. 10.1126/science.add3771 PubMed DOI

Mitchum MG, Yamaguchi S, Hanada A, Kuwahara A, Yoshioka Y, Kato T, Tabata S, Kamiya Y, Sun TP. Distinct and overlapping roles of two gibberellin 3-oxidases in Arabidopsis development. Plant J. 2006:45(5):804–818. 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02642.x PubMed DOI

Miyazaki S, Hara M, Ito S, Tanaka K, Asami T, Hayashi K, Kawaide H, Nakajima M. An ancestral gibberellin in a moss PubMed DOI

Morii M, Sugihara A, Takehara S, Kanno Y, Kawai K, Hobo T, Hattori M, Yoshimura H, Seo M, Ueguchi-Tanaka M. The dual function of OsSWEET3a as a gibberellin and glucose transporter is important for young shoot development in rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 2020:61(11):1935–1945. 10.1093/pcp/pcaa130 PubMed DOI

Morrone D, Chambers J, Lowry L, Kim G, Anterola A, Bender K, Peters RJ. Gibberellin biosynthesis in bacteria: separate PubMed DOI

Müller B, Sheen J. Cytokinin and auxin interaction in root stem-cell specification during early embryogenesis. Nature. 2008:453(7198):1094–1097. 10.1038/nature06943 PubMed DOI PMC

Murase K, Hirano Y, Sun TP, Hakoshima T. Gibberellin-induced DELLA recognition by the gibberellin receptor GID1. Nature. 2008:456(7221):459–463. 10.1038/nature07519 PubMed DOI

Nagel R, Peters RJ. Investigating the phylogenetic range of gibberellin biosynthesis in bacteria. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact. 2017:30(4):343–349. 10.1094/MPMI-01-17-0001-R PubMed DOI PMC

Nakajima M, Shimada A, Takashi Y, Kim YC, Park SH, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Suzuki H, Katoh E, Iuchi S, Kobayashi M, et al. Identification and characterization of Arabidopsis gibberellin receptors. Plant J. 2006:46(5):880–889. 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02748.x PubMed DOI

Nakamura H, Xue YL, Miyakawa T, Hou F, Qin HM, Fukui K, Shi X, Ito E, Ito S, Park SH, et al. Molecular mechanism of strigolactone perception by DWARF14. Nat Commun. 2013:4(1):2613. 10.1038/ncomms3613 PubMed DOI

Nett RS, Contreras T, Peters RJ. Characterization of CYP115 as a gibberellin 3-oxidase indicates that certain rhizobia can produce bioactive gibberellin A PubMed DOI PMC

Nett RS, Montanares M, Marcassa A, Lu X, Nagel R, Charles TC, Hedden P, Rojas MC, Peters RJ. Elucidation of gibberellin biosynthesis in bacteria reveals convergent evolution. Nat Chem Biol. 2017b:13(1):69–74. 10.1038/nchembio.2232 PubMed DOI PMC

Nomura T, Magome H, Hanada A, Takeda-Kamiya N, Mander LN, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S. Functional analysis of PubMed DOI

Oh E, Zhu JY, Bai MY, Arenhart RA, Sun Y, Wang ZY. Cell elongation is regulated through a central circuit of interacting transcription factors in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl. Elife. 2014:3:e03031. 10.7554/eLife.03031 PubMed DOI PMC

Okada K, Ito T, Fukazawa J, Takahashi Y. Gibberellin induces an increase in cytosolic ca PubMed DOI PMC

Okamoto M, Peterson FC, Defries A, Park SY, Endo A, Nambara E, Volkman BF, Cutler SR. Activation of dimeric ABA receptors elicits guard cell closure, ABA-regulated gene expression, and drought tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013:110(29):12132–12137. 10.1073/pnas.1305919110 PubMed DOI PMC

Olszewski NE, West CM, Sassi SO, Hartweck LM. PubMed DOI PMC

Paleg LG. Physiological effects of gibberellic acid. II. On starch hydrolyzing enzymes of barley endosperm. Plant Physiol. 1960:35(6):902–906. 10.1104/pp.35.6.902 PubMed DOI PMC

Park J, Nguyen KT, Park E, Jeon JS, Choi G. DELLA proteins and their interacting RING finger proteins repress gibberellin responses by binding to the promoters of a subset of gibberellin-responsive genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2013:25(3):927–943. 10.1105/tpc.112.108951 PubMed DOI PMC

Park J, Oh D, Dassanayaka M, Nguyen KT, Ogas J, Choi G, Sun TP. GA signaling requires chromatin remodeler PICKLE to promote vegetative growth and phase transitions. Plant Physiol. 2017:173(2):1463–1474. 10.1104/pp.16.01471 PubMed DOI PMC

Peng J, Carol P, Richards DE, King KE, Cowling RJ, Murphy GP, Harberd NP. The Arabidopsis PubMed DOI PMC

Peng J, Harberd NP. Derivative alleles of the Arabidopsis gibberellin-insensitive ( PubMed DOI PMC

Peng J, Richards DE, Hartley NM, Murphy GP, Devos KM, Flintham JE, Beales J, Fish LJ, Worland AJ, Pelica F, et al. ‘Green revolution’ genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators. Nature. 1999:400(6741):256–261. 10.1038/22307 PubMed DOI

Phillips AL. Genetic control of gibberellin metabolism and signalling in crop improvement. In: Hedden P, Thomas SG, editors. The gibberellins, annual plant reviews, vol 49. Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell; 2016. p. 405–430.

Phillips AL, Ward DA, Uknes S, Appleford NEJ, Lange T, Huttly AK, Gaskin P, Graebe JE, Hedden P. Isolation and expression of three gibberellin 20-oxidase cDNA clones from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 1995:108(3):1049–1057. 10.1104/pp.108.3.1049 PubMed DOI PMC

Phinney BO. Growth response of single-gene dwarf mutants in maize to gibberellic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1956:42(4):185–189. 10.1073/pnas.42.4.185 PubMed DOI PMC

Phinney BO, Spray C. Chemical genetics and the gibberellin pathway in

Pimprikar P, Carbonnel S, Paries M, Katzer K, Klingl V, Bohmer MJ, Karl L, Floss DS, Harrison MJ, Parniske M, et al. A CCaMK-CYCLOPS-DELLA complex activates transcription of RAM1 to regulate arbuscule branching. Curr Biol. 2016:26(8):987–998. 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.069 PubMed DOI

Plackett ARG, Powers SJ, Fernandez-Garcia N, Urbanova T, Takebayashi Y, Seo M, Jikumaru Y, Benlloch R, Nilsson O, Ruiz-Rivero O, et al. Analysis of the developmental roles of the Arabidopsis gibberellin 20-oxidases demonstrates that GA20ox1, -2, and -3 are the dominant paralogs. Plant Cell. 2012:24(3):941–960. 10.1105/tpc.111.095109 PubMed DOI PMC

Proebsting WM, Hedden P, Lewis MJ, Croker SJ, Proebsting LN. Gibberellin concentration and transport in genetic lines of pea: effects of grafting. Plant Physiol. 1992:100(3):1354–1360. 10.1104/pp.100.3.1354 PubMed DOI PMC

Ptošková K, Szecówka M, Jaworek P, Tarkowská D, Petřík I, Pavlović I, Novák O, Thomas SG, Phillips AL, Hedden P. Changes in the concentrations and transcripts for gibberellins and other hormones in a growing leaf and roots of wheat seedlings in response to water restriction. BMC Plant Biol. 2022:22(1):284. 10.1186/s12870-022-03667-w PubMed DOI PMC

Pysh LD, Wysocka-Diller JW, Camilleri C, Bouchez D, Benfey PN. The GRAS gene family in Arabidopsis: sequence characterization and basic expression analysis of the PubMed DOI

Qi T, Huang H, Wu D, Yan J, Qi Y, Song S, Xie D. Arabidopsis DELLA and JAZ proteins bind the WD-repeat/bHLH/MYB complex to modulate gibberellin and jasmonate signaling synergy. Plant Cell. 2014:26(3):1118–1133. 10.1105/tpc.113.121731 PubMed DOI PMC

Rademacher W. GROWTH RETARDANTS: effects on gibberellin biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 2000:51(1):501–531. 10.1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.501 PubMed DOI

Rademacher W. Plant growth regulators: backgrounds and uses in plant production. J Plant Growth Regul. 2015:34(4):845–872. 10.1007/s00344-015-9541-6 DOI

Ragni L, Nieminen K, Pacheco-Villalobos D, Sibout R, Schwechheimer C, Hardtke CS. Mobile gibberellin directly stimulates Arabidopsis hypocotyl xylem expansion. Plant Cell. 2011:23(4):1322–1336. 10.1105/tpc.111.084020 PubMed DOI PMC

Regnault T, Davière JM, Heintz D, Lange T, Achard P. The gibberellin biosynthetic genes PubMed DOI

Regnault T, Davière J-M, Wild M, Sakvarelidze-Achard L, Heintz D, Bergua EC, Diaz IL, Gong F, Hedden P, Achard P. The gibberellin precursor GA PubMed DOI

Reid JB, Ross JJ, Swain SM. Internode length in PubMed DOI

Resentini F, Felipo-Benavent A, Colombo L, Blázquez MA, Alabadí D, Masiero S. TCP14 and TCP15 mediate the promotion of seed germination by gibberellins in PubMed DOI

Rieu I, Eriksson S, Powers SJ, Gong F, Griffiths J, Woolley L, Benlloch R, Nilsson O, Thomas SG, Hedden P, et al. Genetic analysis reveals that C PubMed DOI PMC

Rieu I, Ruiz-Rivero O, Fernandez-Garcia N, Griffiths J, Powers SJ, Gong F, Linhartova T, Eriksson S, Nilsson O, Thomas SG, et al. The gibberellin biosynthetic genes PubMed DOI

Rizza A, Jones AM. The makings of a gradient: spatiotemporal distribution of gibberellins in plant development. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2019:47:9–15. 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.08.001 PubMed DOI PMC

Rizza A, Tang B, Stanley CE, Grossmann G, Owen MR, Band LR, Jones AM. Differential biosynthesis and cellular permeability explain longitudinal gibberellin gradients in growing roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021:118(8):e1921960118. 10.1073/pnas.1921960118 PubMed DOI PMC

Rizza A, Walia A, Lanquar V, Frommer WB, Jones AM. In vivo gibberellin gradients visualized in rapidly elongating tissues. Nat Plants. 2017:3(10):803–813. 10.1038/s41477-017-0021-9 PubMed DOI

Robe K, Barberon M. NPFs rule suberization. Nat Plants. 2023:9(5):689–690. 10.1038/s41477-023-01411-2 PubMed DOI

Rojas MC, Hedden P, Gaskin P, Tudzynki B. The P450-1 gene of PubMed DOI PMC

Ropers HJ, Graebe JE, Gaskin P, Macmillan J. Gibberellin biosynthesis in a cell-free system from immature seeds of PubMed DOI

Ross JJ, Reid JB, Swain SM, Hasan O, Poole AT, Hedden P, Willis CL. Genetic-regulation of gibberellin deactivation in DOI

Saito H, Oikawa T, Hamamoto S, Ishimaru Y, Kanamori-Sato M, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Utsumi T, Chen J, Kanno Y, Masuda S. The jasmonate-responsive GTR1 transporter is required for gibberellin-mediated stamen development in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun. 2015:6(1):6095. 10.1038/ncomms7095 PubMed DOI PMC

Sarnowska EA, Rolicka AT, Bucior E, Cwiek P, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Jikumaru Y, Kamiya Y, Franzen R, Schmelzer E, et al. DELLA-interacting SWI3C core subunit of switch/sucrose nonfermenting chromatin remodeling complex modulates gibberellin responses and hormonal cross talk in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2013:163(1):305–317. 10.1104/pp.113.223933 PubMed DOI PMC

Sasaki A, Itoh H, Gomi K, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ishiyama K, Kobayashi M, Jeong D-H, An G, Kitano J, Ashikari M, et al. Accumulation of phosphorylated repressor for gibberellin signaling in an F-box mutant. Science. 2003:299(5614):1896–1898. 10.1126/science.1081077 PubMed DOI

Schomburg FM, Bizzell CM, Lee DJ, Zeevaart JAD, Amasino RM. Overexpression of a novel class of gibberellin 2-oxidases decreases gibberellin levels and creates dwarf plants. Plant Cell. 2003:15(1):151–163. 10.1105/tpc.005975 PubMed DOI PMC

Serrano-Mislata A, Bencivenga S, Bush M, Schiessl K, Boden S, Sablowski R. DELLA genes restrict inflorescence meristem function independently of plant height. Nat Plants. 2017:3(9):749–754. 10.1038/s41477-017-0003-y PubMed DOI PMC

Shani E, Weinstain R, Zhang Y, Castillejo C, Kaiserli E, Chory J, Tsien RY, Estelle M. Gibberellins accumulate in the elongating endodermal cells of Arabidopsis root. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013:110(12):4834–4839. 10.1073/pnas.1300436110 PubMed DOI PMC

Shechter I, West CA. Biosynthesis of gibberellins. IV. Biosynthesis of cyclic diterpenes from trans-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. J Biol Chem. 1969:244(12):3200–3209. 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93114-5 PubMed DOI

Shi B, Felipo-Benavent A, Cerutti G, Galvan-Ampudia C, Jilli L, Brunoud G, Mutterer J, Vallet E, Sakvarelidze-Achard L, Davière J-M. A quantitative gibberellin signalling biosensor reveals a role for gibberellins in internode specification at the shoot apical meristem. bioRxiv 448154. 10.1101/2021.06.11.448154, 15 June 2021, preprint: not peer reviewed. PubMed DOI PMC

Shimada A, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Nakatsu T, Nakajima M, Naoe Y, Ohmiya H, Kato H, Matsuoka M. Structural basis for gibberellin recognition by its receptor GID1. Nature. 2008:456(7221):520–523. 10.1038/nature07546 PubMed DOI

Silverstone AL, Chang C, Krol E, Sun TP. Developmental regulation of the gibberellin biosynthetic gene PubMed DOI

Silverstone AL, Ciampaglio CN, Sun TP. The Arabidopsis PubMed DOI PMC

Silverstone AL, Jung H-S, Dill A, Kawaide H, Kamiya Y, Sun TP. Repressing a repressor: gibberellin-induced rapid reduction of the RGA protein in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2001:13(7):1555–1566. 10.1105/tpc.010047 PubMed DOI PMC

Silverstone AL, Mak PYA, Casamitjana Martínez E, Sun TP. The new PubMed DOI PMC

Silverstone AL, Tseng T-S, Swain S, Dill A, Jeong SY, Olszewski NE, Sun TP. Functional analysis of SPINDLY in gibberellin signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2007:143(2):987–1000. 10.1104/pp.106.091025 PubMed DOI PMC

Simcox PD, Dennis DT, West CA. Kaurene synthetase from plastids of developing plant tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1975:66(1):166–172. 10.1016/S0006-291X(75)80309-3 PubMed DOI

Sponsel VM. The localization, metabolism and biological activity of gibberellins in maturing and germinating seeds of PubMed DOI

Spray C, Phinney BO, Gaskin P, Gilmour SJ, MacMillan J. Internode length in PubMed DOI

Stavang JA, Gallego-Bartolomé J, Gómez MD, Yoshida S, Asami T, Olsen JE, García-Martínez JL, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA. Hormonal regulation of temperature-induced growth in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2009:60(4):589–601. 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03983.x PubMed DOI

Steber CM, Cooney S, McCourt P. Isolation of the GA-response mutant PubMed DOI PMC

Stodola FH, Raper KB, Fennell DI, Conway HF, Sohns VE, Langford CT, Jackson RW. The microbiological production of gibberellins A and X. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1955:54(1):240–245. 10.1016/0003-9861(55)90027-8 PubMed DOI

Stowe BB, Yamaki T. The history and physiological action of the gibberellins. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1957:8(1):181–216. 10.1146/annurev.pp.08.060157.001145 DOI

Sun TP. Gibberellin metabolism, perception and signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis Book. 2008:6:e0103. 10.1199/tab.0103 PubMed DOI PMC

Sun TP. The molecular mechanism and evolution of the GA-GID1-DELLA signaling module in plants. Curr Biol. 2011:21(9):R338–R345. 10.1016/j.cub.2011.02.036 PubMed DOI

Sun TP. Novel nucleocytoplasmic protein PubMed DOI PMC

Sun TP, Goodman HM, Ausubel FM. Cloning the Arabidopsis PubMed DOI PMC

Sun TP, Gubler F. Molecular mechanism of gibberellin signaling in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2004:55(1):197–223. 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141753 PubMed DOI

Sun H, Guo X, Zhu X, Gu P, Zhang W, Tao W, Wang D, Wu Y, Zhao Q, Xu G, et al. Strigolactone and gibberellin signaling coordinately regulate metabolic adaptations to changes in nitrogen availability in rice. Mol Plant. 2023:16(3):588–598. 10.1016/j.molp.2023.01.009 PubMed DOI

Sun TP, Kamiya Y. The Arabidopsis PubMed DOI PMC

Takahashi N, Kitamura H, Kawarada A, Seta Y, Takai M, Tamura S, Sumiki Y. Biochemical studies on “Bakanae” fungus. Part XXXIV. Isolation of gibberellins and their properties. Bull Agr Chem Soc Japan. 1955:19:267–277. 10.1080/03758397.1955.10856832 DOI

Takehara S, Sakuraba S, Mikama B, Yoshida H, Yoshimura H, Itoh A, Endo M, Watanabe N, Nagae T, Matsuoka M, et al. A common allosteric mechanism regulates homeostatic inactivation of auxin and gibberellin. Nat Commun. 2020:11(1):2143. 10.1038/s41467-020-16068-0 PubMed DOI PMC

Tal I, Zhang Y, Jørgensen ME, Pisanty O, Barbosa IC, Zourelidou M, Regnault T, Crocoll C, Olsen CE, Weinstain R, et al. The Arabidopsis NPF3 protein is a GA transporter. Nat Commun. 2016:7(1):11486. 10.1038/ncomms11486 PubMed DOI PMC

Tanaka J, Yano K, Aya K, Hirano K, Takehara S, Koketsu E, Ordonio RL, Park S-H, Nakajima M, Ueguchi-Tanaka M. Antheridiogen determines sex in ferns via a spatiotemporally split gibberellin synthesis pathway. Science. 2014:346(6208):469–473. 10.1126/science.1259923 PubMed DOI

Thomas SG, Bláquez MA, Alabadí D. DELLA Proteins: master regulators of gibberellin-responsive growth and development. In: Hedden P, Thomas SG, editors. Annual plant reviews, vol 49. Chichester: Wiley; 2016. p. 189–228.

Thomas SG, Phillips AL, Hedden P. Molecular cloning and functional expression of gibberellin 2-oxidases, multifunctional enzymes involved in gibberellin deactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999:96(8):4698–4703. 10.1073/pnas.96.8.4698 PubMed DOI PMC

Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Ashikari M, Nakajima M, Itoh H, Katoh E, Kobayashi M, Chow TY, Hsing YI, Kitano H, Yamaguchi I, et al. PubMed DOI

Ulmasov T, Murfett J, Hagen G, Guilfoyle TJ. Aux/IAA proteins repress expression of reporter genes containing natural and highly active synthetic auxin response elements. Plant Cell. 1997:9(11):1963–1971. 10.1105/tpc.9.11.1963 PubMed DOI PMC

Van De Velde K, Ruelens P, Geuten K, Rohde A, Van Der Straeten D. Exploiting DELLA signaling in cereals. Trends Plant Sci. 2017:22(10):880–893. 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.07.010 PubMed DOI

Van De Velde K, Thomas SG, Heyse F, Kaspar R, Van Der Straeten D, Rohde A. N-terminal truncated RHT-1 proteins generated by translational reinitiation cause semi-dwarfing of wheat green revolution alleles. Mol Plant. 2021:14(4):679–687. 10.1016/j.molp.2021.01.002 PubMed DOI

Wang F, Yoshida H, Matsuoka M. Making the ‘green revolution’ truly green: improving crop nitrogen use efficiency. Plant Cell Physiol. 2021:62(6):942–947. 10.1093/pcp/pcab051 PubMed DOI

Weiss D, Halevy AH. Stamens and gibberellin in the regulation of corolla pigmentation and growth in PubMed DOI

West CA. Biosynthesis of gibberellins. In: Milborrow BV, editors. Biosynthesis and its control in plants. London, New York: Academic Press; 1973. p. 473–482.

Weston DE, Elliott RC, Lester DR, Rameau C, Reid JB, Murfet IC, Ross JJ. The pea DELLA proteins LA and CRY are important regulators of gibberellin synthesis and root growth. Plant Physiol. 2008:147(1):199–205. 10.1104/pp.108.115808 PubMed DOI PMC

Wexler S, Schayek H, Rajendar K, Tal I, Shani E, Meroz Y, Dobrovetsky R, Weinstain R. Characterizing gibberellin flow PubMed DOI PMC

Wild M, Davière JM, Cheminant S, Regnault T, Baumberger N, Heintz D, Baltz R, Genschik P, Achard P. The Arabidopsis DELLA PubMed DOI PMC

Wild M, Daviere JM, Regnault T, Sakvarelidze-Achard L, Carrera E, Lopez Diaz I, Cayrel A, Dubeaux G, Vert G, Achard P. Tissue-specific regulation of gibberellin signaling fine-tunes Arabidopsis iron-deficiency responses. Dev Cell. 2016:37(2):190–200. 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.03.022 PubMed DOI

Williams J, Phillips AL, Gaskin P, Hedden P. Function and substrate specificity of the gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase encoded by the Arabidopsis PubMed DOI PMC

Willige BC, Ghosh S, Nill C, Zourelidou M, Dohmann EMN, Maier A, Schwechheimer C. The DELLA domain of GA INSENSITIVE mediates the interaction with the GA INSENSITIVE DWARF1A gibberellin receptor of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007:19(4):1209–1220. 10.1105/tpc.107.051441 PubMed DOI PMC

Wittwer SH, Bukovac MJ, Sell HM, Weller LE. Some effects of gibberellin on flowering and fruit setting. Plant Physiol. 1957:32(1):39–41. 10.1104/pp.32.1.39 PubMed DOI PMC

Wu R, Duan L, Pruneda-Paz JL, Oh DH, Pound M, Kay S, Dinneny JR. The PubMed DOI PMC

Wu K, Wang SS, Song WZ, Zhang JQ, Wang Y, Liu Q, Yu JP, Ye YF, Li S, Chen JF, et al. Enhanced sustainable green revolution yield via nitrogen-responsive chromatin modulation in rice. Science. 2020:367(6478):eaaz2046. 10.1126/science.aaz2046 PubMed DOI

Wulff N, Ernst HA, Jørgensen ME, Lambertz S, Maierhofer T, Belew ZM, Crocoll C, Motawia MS, Geiger D, Jørgensen FS. An optimized screen reduces the number of GA transporters and provides insights into nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family substrate determinants. Front Plant Sci. 2019:10:1106. 10.3389/fpls.2019.01106 PubMed DOI PMC

Xu YL, Li L, Wu KQ, Peeters AJM, Gage DA, Zeevaart JAD. The PubMed DOI PMC

Xu F, Li T, Xu PB, Li L, Du SS, Lian HL, Yang HQ. DELLA proteins physically interact with CONSTANS to regulate flowering under long days in Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett. 2016:590(4):541–549. 10.1002/1873-3468.12076 PubMed DOI

Yabuta T, Sumiki T. Communication to the editor. J Agr Chem Soc Japan. 1938:14:1526.

Yamaguchi S. Gibberellin metabolism and its regulation. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2008:59(1):225–251. 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092804 PubMed DOI

Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y. Gibberellin biosynthesis: its regulation by endogenous and environmental signals. Plant Cell Physiol. 2000:41(3):251–257. 10.1093/pcp/41.3.251 PubMed DOI

Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y, Sun T. Distinct cell-specific expression patterns of early and late gibberellin biosynthetic genes during Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant J. 2001:28(4):443–453. 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2001.01168.x PubMed DOI

Yamaguchi S, Saito T, Abe H, Yamane H, Murofushi N, Kamiya Y. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the gibberellin biosynthetic enzyme PubMed DOI

Yamaguchi S, Sun T, Kawaide H, Kamiya Y. The PubMed DOI PMC

Yan J, Li X, Zeng B, Zhong M, Yang J, Yang P, Li X, He C, Lin J, Liu X, et al. FKF1 F-box protein promotes flowering in part by negatively regulating DELLA protein stability under long-day photoperiod in Arabidopsis. J Integr Plant Biol. 2020:62(11):1717–1740. 10.1111/jipb.12971 PubMed DOI

Yang DL, Yao J, Mei CS, Tong XH, Zeng LJ, Li Q, Xiao LT, Sun TP, Li J, Deng XW, et al. Plant hormone jasmonate prioritizes defense over growth by interfering with gibberellin signaling cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012:109(19):E1192–E1200. 10.1073/pnas.1201616109 PubMed DOI PMC

Yoshida H, Hirano K, Sato T, Mitsuda N, Nomoto M, Maeo K, Koketsu E, Mitani R, Kawamura M, Ishiguro S, et al. DELLA protein functions as a transcriptional activator through the DNA binding of the INDETERMINATE DOMAIN family proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014:111(21):7861–7866. 10.1073/pnas.1321669111 PubMed DOI PMC

Yoshida H, Takehara S, Mori M, Ordonio RL, Matsuoka M. Evolution of GA metabolic enzymes in land plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 2020:61(11):1919–1934. 10.1093/pcp/pcaa126 PubMed DOI

Yu S, Galvão VC, Zhang YC, Horrer D, Zhang TQ, Hao YH, Feng YQ, Wang S, Schmid M, Wang JW. Gibberellin regulates the Arabidopsis floral transition through miR156-targeted SQUAMOSA promoter binding-like transcription factors. Plant Cell. 2012:24(8):3320–3332. 10.1105/tpc.112.101014 PubMed DOI PMC

Yu J, Hu S, Wang J, Wong GK, Li S, Liu B, Deng Y, Dai L, Zhou Y, Zhang X, et al. A draft sequence of the rice genome ( PubMed DOI

Zentella R, Hu J, Hsieh WP, Matsumoto PA, Dawdy A, Barnhill B, Oldenhof H, Hartweck LM, Maitra S, Thomas SG, et al. PubMed DOI PMC

Zentella R, Sui N, Barnhill B, Hsieh WP, Hu J, Shabanowitz J, Boyce M, Olszewski NE, Zhou P, Hunt DF, et al. The Arabidopsis PubMed DOI PMC

Zentella R, Zhang ZL, Park M, Thomas SG, Endo A, Murase K, Fleet CM, Jikumaru Y, Nambara E, Kamiya Y, et al. Global analysis of DELLA direct targets in early gibberellin signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2007:19(10):3037–3057. 10.1105/tpc.107.054999 PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang Y, Berman A, Shani E. Plant hormone transport and localization: signaling molecules on the move. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2023:74(1):453–479. 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070722-015329 PubMed DOI

Zhang D, Jing Y, Jiang Z, Lin R. The chromatin-remodeling factor PICKLE integrates brassinosteroid and gibberellin signaling during skotomorphogenic growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2014:26(6):2472–2485. 10.1105/tpc.113.121848 PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang ZL, Ogawa M, Fleet CM, Zentella R, Hu J, Heo J-O, Lim J, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S, Sun TP. SCARECROW-LIKE 3 promotes gibberellin signaling by antagonizing DELLA in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011:108(5):2160–2165. 10.1073/pnas.1012232108 PubMed DOI PMC

Zhu YY, Nomura T, Xu YH, Zhang YY, Peng Y, Mao BZ, Hanada A, Zhou HC, Wang RX, Li PJ, et al. PubMed DOI PMC

Zweig G, Yamaguchi S, Mason GW. Translocation of C DOI

Induction of α-amylase and endosperm-imposed seed dormancy: two pioneering papers in gibberellin research