Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems are large reservoirs of organic carbon1,2. Climate warming may stimulate ecosystem respiration and release carbon into the atmosphere3,4. The magnitude and persistency of this stimulation and the environmental mechanisms that drive its variation remain uncertain5-7. This hampers the accuracy of global land carbon-climate feedback projections7,8. Here we synthesize 136 datasets from 56 open-top chamber in situ warming experiments located at 28 arctic and alpine tundra sites which have been running for less than 1 year up to 25 years. We show that a mean rise of 1.4 °C [confidence interval (CI) 0.9-2.0 °C] in air and 0.4 °C [CI 0.2-0.7 °C] in soil temperature results in an increase in growing season ecosystem respiration by 30% [CI 22-38%] (n = 136). Our findings indicate that the stimulation of ecosystem respiration was due to increases in both plant-related and microbial respiration (n = 9) and continued for at least 25 years (n = 136). The magnitude of the warming effects on respiration was driven by variation in warming-induced changes in local soil conditions, that is, changes in total nitrogen concentration and pH and by context-dependent spatial variation in these conditions, in particular total nitrogen concentration and the carbon:nitrogen ratio. Tundra sites with stronger nitrogen limitations and sites in which warming had stimulated plant and microbial nutrient turnover seemed particularly sensitive in their respiration response to warming. The results highlight the importance of local soil conditions and warming-induced changes therein for future climatic impacts on respiration.

Agricultural University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland

Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands

Arctic Centre University of Lapland Rovaniemi Finland

Arctic Research Centre Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark

Australian Mountain Research Facility Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia

Biological Sciences School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia

Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway

Carbone Boréal Département des Sciences Fondamentales Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Chicoutimi Quebec Canada

Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA

Center for Permafrost Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Center for Volatile Interactions Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Climate Impacts Research Centre Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Abisko Sweden

Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences Fisheries and Economics The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway

Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT the Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway

Department of Arctic Biology University Centre in Svalbard Longyearbyen Norway

Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA

Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA

Department of Biological Sciences University of Bergen Bergen Norway

Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parma Italy

Department of Earth Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden

Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden

Department of Ecology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria

Department of Ecoscience Aarhus University Roskilde Denmark

Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland

Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Geography and Environmental Management University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada

Department of Geography University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada

Department of Spatial Sciences Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Suchdol Czech Republic

Department of Terrestrial Ecology Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Trondheim Norway

Department of Wildland Resources Quinney College of Natural Resources and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA

Division of Life Sciences Korea Polar Research Institute Incheon South Korea

Ecological Sciences The James Hutton Institute Aberdeen UK

Ecology and Genetics Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland

Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

Forest Ecology and Management Group Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Gjærevoll Centre for Biodiversity Foresight Analyses and Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden

Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Nuuk Greenland

Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainability Wilkes University Wilkes Barre PA USA

Institute of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing China

Institute of Soil Science Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany

Korea Polar Research Institute Incheon Korea

Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland

Natural Resources Institute Finland Helsinki Finland

NORCE Climate and Environment Norwegian Research Centre AS Bergen Norway

NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bergen Norway

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Bergen Norway

Research Centre for Ecological Change Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

School of Biosciences University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus Loughborough UK

School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland

SEGES Innovation P S Aarhus Denmark

State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro Ecosystems and College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China

State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Lausanne Switzerland

Terrestrial Ecology Section Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole MA USA

The Heathland Centre Alver Norway

University of Eastern Finland Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences Kuopio Finland

Water and development research group Aalto University Espoo Finland

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Environmental drivers of increased ecosystem respiration in a warming tundra