Structural health monitoring (SHM) is crucial for maintaining concrete infrastructure. The data collected by these sensors are processed and analyzed using various analysis tools under different loadings and exposure to external conditions. Sensor-based investigation on concrete has been carried out for technologies used for designing structural health monitoring sensors. A Sensor-Infused Structural Analysis such as interfacial bond-slip model, corroded steel bar, fiber-optic sensors, carbon black and polypropylene fiber, concrete cracks, concrete carbonation, strain transfer model, and vibrational-based monitor. The compressive strength (CS) and split tensile strength (STS) values of the analyzed material fall within a range from 26 to 36 MPa and from 2 to 3 MPa, respectively. The material being studied has a range of flexural strength (FS) and density values that fall between 4.5 and 7 MPa and between 2250 and 2550 kg/m3. The average squared difference between the predicted and actual compressive strength values was found to be 4.405. With cement ratios of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, the shear strength value ranged from 4.4 to 5.6 MPa. The maximum shear strength was observed for a water-cement ratio of 0.4, with 5.5 MPa, followed by a water-cement ratio of 0.3, with 5 MPa. Optimizing the water-cement ratio achieves robust concrete (at 0.50), while a lower ratio may hinder strength (at 0.30). PZT sensors and stress-wave measurements aid in the precise structural monitoring, enhanced by steel fibers and carbon black, for improved sensitivity and mechanical properties. These findings incorporate a wide range of applications, including crack detection; strain and deformation analysis; and monitoring of temperature, moisture, and corrosion. This review pioneers sensor technology for concrete monitoring (Goal 9), urban safety (Goal 11), climate resilience (Goal 13), coastal preservation (Goal 14), and habitat protection (Goal 15) of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.

Center for Energy and Environment School of Advanced Science KLE Technological University Hubballi 580031 Karnataka India

Department of Civil Engineering Jain College of Engineering Belagavi 590001 Karnataka India

Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering King Khalid University Abha 61421 Saudi Arabia

Institute of Energetic Materials Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic

Research Center for Advanced Materials Science King Khalid University P O Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia

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Du W., Qian C., Xie Y. Demonstration application of microbial self-healing concrete in sidewall of underground engineering: A case study. J. Build. Eng. 2023;63:105512. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105512. DOI

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Jayakumari B.Y., Swaminathan E.N., Partheeban P. A review on characteristics studies on carbon nanotubes-based cement concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2023;367:130344. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130344. DOI

Geballa-Koukoula A., Ross G.M.S., Bosman A.J., Zhao Y., Zhou H., Nielen M.W.F., Rafferty K., Elliott C.T., Salentijn G.I.J. Best practices and current implementation of emerging smartphone-based (bio)sensors—Part 2: Development, validation, and social impact. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2023;161:116986. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116986. DOI

Tayeh B.A., Ahmed S.M., Hafez R.D.A. Sugarcane pulp sand and paper grain sand as partial fine aggregate replacement in environment-friendly concrete bricks. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2023;18:e01612. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01612. DOI

Bayrak B., Mostafa S.A., Öz A., Tayeh B.A., Kaplan G., Aydın A.C. The effect of clinker aggregate on acid resistance in prepacked geopolymers containing metakaolin and quartz powder in the presence of ground blast furnace slag. J. Build. Eng. 2023;69:106290. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106290. DOI

Lin G.L., Lin A.X., Liu M.Y., Ye X.Q., Lu D.W. Barium titanate–bismuth ferrite/polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposites as flexible piezoelectric sensors with excellent thermal stability. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2022;346:113885. doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2022.113885. DOI

Shilar F.A., Ganachari S.V., Patil V.B. Advancement of nano-based construction materials-A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022;359:129535. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129535. DOI

Shilar F.A., Ganachari S.V., Patil V.B., Javed S., Khan T.M.Y., Baig R.U. Assessment of Destructive and Nondestructive Analysis for GGBS Based Geopolymer Concrete and Its Statistical Analysis. Polymers. 2022;14:3132. doi: 10.3390/polym14153132. PubMed DOI PMC

Shilar F.A., Ganachari S.V., Patil V.B. Investigation of the effect of granite waste powder as a binder for different molarity of geopolymer concrete on fresh and mechanical properties. Mater. Lett. 2022;309:131302. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.131302. DOI

Zheng Y., Zhang Y., Zhuo J., Zhang P., Hu S. Mesoscale synergistic effect mechanism of aggregate grading and specimen size on compressive strength of concrete with large aggregate size. Constr. Build. Mater. 2023;367:130346. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130346. DOI

Zhang P., Sun X., Wang F., Wang J. Mechanical Properties and Durability of Geopolymer Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Review. Polymers. 2023;15:615. doi: 10.3390/polym15030615. PubMed DOI PMC

Shilar F.A., Ganachari S.V., Patil V.B., Khan T.M.Y., Khadar S.D.A. Molarity activity effect on mechanical and microstructure properties of geopolymer concrete: A review. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2022;16:e01014. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01014. DOI

Shilar F.A., Ganachari S.V., Patil V.B., Khan T.M.Y., Javed S., Baig R.U. Optimization of Alkaline Activator on the Strength Properties of Geopolymer Concrete. Polymers. 2022;14:2434. doi: 10.3390/polym14122434. PubMed DOI PMC

Shilar F.A., Ganachari S.V., Patil V.B., Reddy I.N., Shim J. Preparation and validation of sustainable metakaolin based geopolymer concrete for structural application. Constr. Build. Mater. 2023;371:130688. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130688. DOI

Shilar F.A., Ganachari S.V., Patil V.B., Khan T.M.Y., Almakayeel N.M., Alghamdi S. Review on the Relationship between Nano Modifications of Geopolymer Concrete and Their Structural Characteristics. Polymers. 2022;14:1421. doi: 10.3390/polym14071421. PubMed DOI PMC

Bong S.H., Nematollahi B., Xia M., Ghaffar S.H., Pan J., Dai J.-G. Properties of additively manufactured geopolymer incorporating mineral wollastonite microfibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022;331:127282. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127282. DOI