Genetic admixture introduces new variants at relatively high frequencies, potentially aiding rapid responses to environmental changes. Here, we evaluate its role in adaptive variation related to climatic conditions in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) in Britain, using whole-genome data. Our results reveal loci showing excess ancestry from one of the two postglacial colonist populations inconsistent with overall admixture patterns. Notably, loci associated with climate adaptation exhibit disproportionate amounts of excess ancestry, highlighting the impact of admixture between colonist populations on local adaptation. The results suggest strong and localized selection on climate-adaptive loci, as indicated by steep clines and/or shifted cline centres, during population replacement. A subset, including a haemoglobin gene, is associated with oxidative stress responses, underscoring a role of oxidative stress in local adaptation. Our study highlights the important contribution of admixture during secondary contact between populations from distinct climatic refugia enriching adaptive diversity. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for predicting future adaptive capacity to anthropogenic climate change.

Department of Biology Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

Laboratory of Molecular Ecology Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Czech Academy of Sciences Liběchov Czech Republic

Sam Noble Museum University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA

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Disjunct Northern Populations as Reservoirs of Evolutionary Diversity: Insights from the Aesculapian Snake (Zamenis longissimus)