Neurostimulation employing photoactive organic semiconductors offers an appealing alternative to conventional techniques, enabling targeted action and wireless control through light. In this study, organic electrolytic photocapacitors (OEPC) are employed to investigate the effects of light-controlled electric stimulation on neuronal networks in vitro and in vivo. The interactions between the devices and biological systems are characterized. Stimulation of primary rat cortical neurons results in an elevated expression of c-Fos within a mature neuronal network. OEPC implantation for three weeks and subsequent stimulation of the somatosensory cortex leads to an increase of c-Fos in neurons at the stimulation site and in connected brain regions (entorhinal cortex, hippocampus), both in the ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres. Reactivity of glial and immune cells after semi-chronic implantation of OEPC in the rat brain is comparable to that of surgical controls, indicating minimal foreign body response. Device functionality is further substantiated through retained charging dynamics following explantation. OEPC-based, light-controlled electric stimulation has a significant impact on neural responsiveness. The absence of detrimental effects on both the brain and device encourages further use of OEPC as cortical implants. These findings highlight its potential as a novel mode of neurostimulation and instigate further exploration into applications in fundamental neuroscience.

Bioelectronics Materials and Devices Laboratory CEITEC Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 123 Brno 612 00 Czech Republic

BioTechMed Graz Mozartgasse 12 2 Graz 8010 Austria

Department of Neurology Medical University of Graz Auenbruggerplatz 22 Graz 8036 Austria

Department of Neurosurgery Medical University of Graz Auenbruggerplatz 29 Graz 8036 Austria

Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Zagreb Bijenička c 32 Zagreb 10000 Croatia

Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling Metabolism and Aging Division of Medical Physics and Biophysics Medical University of Graz Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6 Graz 8010 Austria

Institute of Health Care Engineering with European Testing Center of Medical Devices Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 16 2 Graz 8010 Austria

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