Six organotin(IV) complexes, viz., [Me2Sn(L)] (1), [n-Bu2Sn(L)] (2), [n-Oct2Sn(L)] (3), [Bz2Sn(L)]·0.5C7H8 (4), [n-BuSn(L)Cl] (5), and [PhSn(L)Cl] (6), were synthesized using a 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(2-hydroxybenzoylhydrazone), H2L. Compounds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and solutions Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopies. The structures 1-6 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) analysis. Diffraction results evidenced that complexes 1-6 were seven-coordinated mononuclear species with the equatorial plane comprising the pentagonal N3O2 chelate ring of the doubly deprotonated L and two axial ligands, either R (R = Me, n-Bu, n-Oct, Bz) or R (n-Bu or Ph) and Cl ligands. Additionally, the photophysical properties were examined due to the enhanced conjugation and rigidity of the molecules while thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to evaluate the thermal stabilities of compounds. The anti-proliferative activity of the complexes 1-6 was tested against prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and normal human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293). Among the compounds, dibutyltin compound 2 exhibited increased anti-proliferative activity, with an IC50 value of 6.16 ± 1.56 μM. The investigation of its mechanism of action involves using AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) and ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation assays. This likely detects apoptotic morphological alterations in the nucleus of the cells, with ROS generation ultimately leading to apoptosis and cell death. The superior activity of 2 may be attributed to the C···H contacts and respective higher de outside and di inside distances from the Hirshfeld surface. Thus, these compounds could be a promising alternative to classical chemotherapy agents.

Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry North Eastern Hill University NEHU Permanent Campus Umshing Shillong 793 022 India

Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry North Eastern Hill University NEHU Permanent Campus Umshing Shillong 793 022 India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility North Eastern Hill University NEHU Permanent Campus Umshing Shillong 793 022 India

Centro de Química Estrutural Institute of Molecular Sciences Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Av Rovisco Pais 1049 001 Lisboa Portugal

Centro de Química Estrutural Institute of Molecular Sciences Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Av Rovisco Pais 1049 001 Lisboa Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia Química Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Av Rovisco Pais 1049 001 Lisboa Portugal

Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand India

University of Hradec Králové Faculty of Science Rokitanského 62 CZ 500 03 Hradec Králové 3 Czech Republic

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