BACKGROUND: Recent advances in nanotechnology have offered new hope for cancer detection, prevention, and treatment. Nanomedicine, a term for the application of nanotechnology in medical and health fields, uses nanoparticles for several applications such as imaging, diagnostic, targeted cancer therapy, drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, and theranostics. RESULTS: Here, we overview the current state-of-the-art of radiolabeled nanoparticles for molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy. Nanostructured radiopharmaceuticals of technetium-99m, copper-64, lutetium-177, and radium-223 are discussed within the scope of this review article. CONCLUSION: Nanoradiopharmaceuticals may lead to better development of theranostics inspired by ingenious delivery and imaging systems. Cancer nano-theranostics have the potential to lead the way to more specific and individualized cancer treatment.

Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Department King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh 11211 Saudi Arabia

Department of Nuclear Chemistry Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering Czech Technical University Prague Břehová 7 11519 Prague 1 Czech Republic

Department of Radiopharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Ege University 35040 Bornova Izmir Turkey

Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems Department of Physics Federal University of Maranhão Campus Bacanga São Luís Maranhão 65080 805 Brazil

Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals Nuclear Engineering Institute Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission Rua Helio de Almeida 75 Ilha Do Fundão Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941906 Brazil

Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals State University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 23070200 Brazil

School of Engineering Practice and Technology McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada

School of Pharmacy Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 21940000 Brazil

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