Plant survival to a potential plethora of diverse environmental insults is underpinned by coordinated communication amongst organs to help shape effective responses to these environmental challenges at the whole plant level. This interorgan communication is supported by a complex signal network that regulates growth, development and environmental responses. Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a key signalling molecule in plants. However, its potential role in interorgan communication has only recently started to come into view. Direct and indirect evidence has emerged supporting that NO and related species (S-nitrosoglutathione, nitro-linolenic acid) are mobile interorgan signals transmitting responses to stresses such as hypoxia and heat. Beyond their role as mobile signals, NO and related species are involved in mediating xylem development, thus contributing to efficient root-shoot communication. Moreover, NO and related species are regulators in intraorgan systemic defence responses aiming an effective, coordinated defence against pathogens. Beyond its in planta signalling role, NO and related species may act as ex planta signals coordinating external leaf-to-leaf, root-to-leaf but also plant-to-plant communication. Here, we discuss these exciting developments and emphasise how their manipulation may provide novel strategies for crop improvement.

Agroécologie INRAE Institut Agro Dijon Univiversité de Bourgogne 21000 Dijon France

Department of Applied Sciences University of the West of England Bristol BS16 1QY UK

Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Palacký University Šlechtitelů 27 CZ 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Plant Biology University of Szeged H6726 Szeged Hungary

Group of Antioxidants Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology Food and Agriculture Department of Stress Development and Signaling in Plants Estación Experimental del Zaidín Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Profesor Albareda 1 18008 Granada Spain

Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signalling in Nitric Oxide University of Jaén Campus Universitario 'Las Lagunillas' s n E 23071 Jaén Spain

Institut Sophia Agrobiotech UMR INRAE 1355 Université Côte d'Azur CNRS 7254 400 route des Chappes BP 167 06903 Sophia Antipolis France

Institute of Lung Health and Immunity Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health 85764 Munich Neuherberg Germany

Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3BF UK

National Institute of Plant Genome Research Aruna Asaf Ali Marg 110067 New Delhi India

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Progress in Plant Nitric Oxide Studies: Implications for Phytopathology and Plant Protection