This paper explores an application of 3D printing technology on the food industry. Since its inception in the 1980s, 3D printing has experienced a huge rise in popularity. This study uses cost-effective, flexible, and sustainable components that enable specific features of certain gas chromatography. This study aims to optimize the process of gas detection using a 3D printed separation column and the MiCS-6814 sensor. The principle of the entire device is based on the idea of utilizing a simple capillary chromatographic column manufactured by 3D printing for the separation of samples into components prior to their measurement using inexpensive chemiresistive sensors. An optimization of a system with a 3D printed PLA block containing a capillary, a mixing chamber, and a measuring chamber with a MiCS-6814 sensor was performed. The optimization distributed the sensor output signal in the time domain so that it was possible to distinguish the peak for the two most common alcohols, ethanol and methanol. The paper further describes some optimization types and their possibilities.

Centre of Polymer Systems University Institute Tomas Bata University in Zlin Trida Tomase Bati 5678 760 01 Zlin Czech Republic

Department of Automation and Control Engineering Faculty of Applied Informatics Tomas Bata University in Zlin Nad Stranemi 4511 760 05 Zlin Czech Republic

Department of Fat Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology Faculty of Technology Tomas Bata University in Zlin Vavreckova 275 760 01 Zlin Czech Republic

Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry Faculty of Technology Tomas Bata University in Zlin Vavreckova 5669 760 01 Zlin Czech Republic

Department of Microbiology Nutrition and Dietetics Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague 165 00 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Microelectronics Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Brno University of Technology Technicka 3058 10 616 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Nutritional Physiology and Animal Product Quality Institute of Animal Science Pratelstvi 815 104 00 Prague Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Sahana V.W., Thampi G.T. 3D Printing Technology in Industry; Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC); Coimbatore, India. 19–20 January 2018.

Janigova N., Gajdziok J., Vetchy D. Biomedical Use of 3D Printing (orig. in Slovak, Biomedicínske použitie 3D tlače) Chem. Listy. 2021;115:356–362.

Noor M.N.M., Leow M.L., Lai W.H., Hon Y.K., Tiong L.L., Chern P.M. Research landscape on 3D printing applications in healthcare within South-east Asian countries: A systematic scoping review protocol. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e065546. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065546. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhou S., Zhao Y., Xun Y., Wei Z., Yang Y., Yan W., Ding J. Programmable and modularized gas sensor integrated by 3D printing. Chem. Rev. 2024;124:3608–3643. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00853. PubMed DOI

Song D., Chen X., Wang M., Wu Z., Xiao X. 3D-printed flexible sensors for food monitoring. Chem. Eng. J. 2023;474:146011. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.146011. DOI

Muhamad O., Khairunisak R., Nadhir W., Hairul H. Recent progress of conductive 3D-printed electrodes based upon polymers/carbon nanomaterials using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) method as emerging electrochemical sensing devices. RSC Adv. 2021;11:16557–16571. doi: 10.1039/D1RA01987B. PubMed DOI PMC

Moleirinho M.G., Feast S., Moreira A.S., Silva R.J.S., Alves P.M., Carrondo M.J.T., Huber T., Fee C., Peixoto C. 3D-printed ordered bed structures for chromatographic purification of enveloped and non-enveloped viral particles. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2021;254:117681. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117681. DOI

Lee J.Y., An J., Chua C.K. Fundamentals and applications of 3D printing for novel materials. Appl. Mater. Today. 2017;7:120–133. doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2017.02.004. DOI

Poologasundarampillai G., Nommeots-Nomm A. Materials for 3D printing in medicine: Metals, polymers, ceramics, hy-drogel. In: Kalaskar D.M., editor. 3D Printing in Medicine. Woodhead Publishing; Sawston, UK: 2017. pp. 43–71. DOI

Zhou L.Y., Fu J., He Y. A Review of 3D Printing Technologies for Soft Polymer Materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020;30:2000187. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202000187. DOI

Phyo S., Choi S., Jang J., Choi S., Lee J. A 3D-printed metal column for micro gas chromatography. Lab Chip. 2020;20:3435–3444. doi: 10.1039/D0LC00540A. PubMed DOI

Meng H., Wei Y., Feng L. A microchip gas chromatography column assembly with a 3D metal printing micro column oven and a flexible stainless-steel column. J. Chromatogr. A. 2024;1729:465036. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465036. PubMed DOI

Nawada S., Budel T. A Novel 3D-Printing Method to Create Liquid Chromatography Columns. LCGC Eur. 2021;34:381–386.

Salmean C., Dimartino S. 3D-Printed Stationary Phases with Ordered Morphology: State of the Art and Future Development in Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia. 2019;82:443–463. doi: 10.1007/s10337-018-3671-5. DOI

Adamek M., Mlcek J., Skowronkova N., Zvonkova M., Jasso M., Adamkova A., Skacel J., Buresova I., Sebestikova R., Cernekova M., et al. 3D Printed Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Capillaries for Chemiresistive Gas Sensors. Sensors. 2023;23:6817. doi: 10.3390/s23156817. PubMed DOI PMC

Zvonkova M., Adamek M., Skowronkova N., Dlabaja S., Matyas J., Jasso M., Adamkova A., Mlcek J., Salek R.N., Buran M. Compact 3D-Printed Unit for Separation of Simple Gas Mixtures Combined with Chemiresistive Sensors. Sensors. 2024;24:4391. doi: 10.3390/s24134391. PubMed DOI PMC

SGX Sensortech MiCS-6814, 1143 Rev 8. Data Sheet. [(accessed on 15 July 2024)]. Available online: https://www.sgxsensortech.com/content/uploads/2015/02/1143_Datasheet-MiCS-6814-rev-8.pdf.

van den Broek J., Abegg S., Pratsinis S.E., Güntner A.T. Highly selective detection of methanol over ethanol by a handheld gas sensor. Nat. Commun. 2019;10:4220. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12223-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Che Harun F.K., Taylor J.E., Covington J.A., Gardner J.W. An electronic nose employing dual-channel odour separation columns with large chemosensor arrays for advanced odour discrimination. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2009;141:134–140. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2009.05.036. DOI

Joseph J.A., Akkermans S., Van Impe J.F.M. Processing Method for the Quantification of Methanol and Ethanol from Biore-actor Samples Using Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detection. ACS Omega. 2022;7:24121–24133. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00055. PubMed DOI PMC

Itterheimova P., Kuban P. An open source 3D printed autosampler for capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2023;1279:341832. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341832. PubMed DOI

Radi, Ciptohadijoyo S., Litananda W.S., Rivai M., Purnomo M.H. Electronic nose based on partition column integrated with gas sensor for fruit identification and classification. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2016;121:429–435. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2015.11.013. DOI

Hayasaka T., Lin A., Copa V.C., Lopez L.P., Jr., Loberternos R.A., Ballesteros L.I.M., Kubota Y., Liu Y., Salvador A.A., Lin L. An electronic nose using a single graphene FET and machine learning for water, methanol, and ethanol. Microsyst Nanoeng. 2020;6:50. doi: 10.1038/s41378-020-0161-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Palkowitsh J. Nitrogen Gas in the Food Process. Compressed Air Best Practices®, 2018. [(accessed on 15 July 2024)]. Available online: https://www.airbestpractices.com/industries/food/nitrogen-gas-food-process.

Zeleny P. Forty-Eight Dead, Dozens Accused. Ten Years Have Passed Since the Methanol Case (orig. in Czech, Osmactyricet mrtvych, desitky obvinenych. Od metanolove kauzy uplynulo deset let. CT24, 2022. [(accessed on 15 July 2024)]. Available online: https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/clanek/domaci/osmactyricet-mrtvych-desitky-obvinenych-od-metanolove-kauzy-uplynulo-deset-let-16710.

Kar P., Pradhan N.C., Adhikari B. Application of sulfuric acid doped poly (m-aminophenol) as aliphatic alcohol vapor sensor material. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2009;140:525–531. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2009.05.013. DOI

King H.S., Bell A.C. The detection of methanol in the presence of ethyl alcohol. Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci. 1932;18:11–13.

Liu W.-H., Yang W., Wu X.-Q., Lin Z.-X. Direct determination of ethanol by laser Raman spectra with internal standard method. Fenxi Huaxue/Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 2007;35:416–418.

Raman Spectrometer. [(accessed on 15 July 2024)]. Available online: https://www.labx.com/product/raman-spectrometer.

Hashemi S.A., Bahrani S., Mousavi S.M., Omidifar N., Arjmand M., Lankarani K.B., Shokripour M., Ramakrishna S. Differentiable detection of ethanol/methanol in biological fluids using prompt graphene-based electrochemical nanosensor coupled with catalytic complex of nickel oxide/8-hydroxyquinoline. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2022;1194:339407. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339407. PubMed DOI

Barrios C.A. Scotch Tape Optical Vapor Sensor for Ethanol–Methanol Mixtures. Sensors. 2019;19:5381. doi: 10.3390/s19245381. PubMed DOI PMC