Medically important pathogenic fungi invade vertebrate tissue and are considered primary when part of their nature life cycle is associated with an animal host and are usually able to infect immunocompetent hosts. Opportunistic fungal pathogens complete their life cycle in environmental habitats or occur as commensals within or on the vertebrate body, but under certain conditions can thrive upon infecting humans. The extent of host damage in opportunistic infections largely depends on the portal and modality of entry as well as on the host's immune and metabolic status. Diseases caused by primary pathogens and common opportunists, causing the top approximately 80% of fungal diseases [D. W. Denning, Lancet Infect Dis, 24:e428-e438, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00692-8], tend to follow a predictive pattern, while those by occasional opportunists are more variable. For this reason, it is recommended that diseases caused by primary pathogens and the common opportunists are named after the etiologic agent, for example, histoplasmosis and aspergillosis, while this should not be done for occasional opportunists that should be named as [causative fungus] [clinical syndrome], for example, Alternaria alternata cutaneous infection. The addition of a descriptor that identifies the location or clinical type of infection is required, as the general name alone may cover widely different clinical syndromes, for example, "rhinocerebral mucormycosis." A list of major recommended human and animal disease entities (nomenclature) is provided in alignment with their causative agents. Fungal disease names may encompass several genera of etiologic agents, consequently being less susceptible to taxonomic changes of the causative species, for example, mucormycosis covers numerous mucormycetous molds.

Bioinformatics Helmholtz Institute for One Health Greifswald Germany

Center for Innovative Therapeutics and Diagnostics Richmond Virginia USA

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia USA

Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services Westmead Australia

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas Instituto de Salud Carlos 3 Madrid Spain

CONICET Hospital JM Ramos Mejía Buenos Aires Argentina

Department of Botany Charles University Prague Czechia

Department of Clinical Microbiology Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Dermatology Peking University 1st Hospital Peking University Beijing China

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto Toronto Canada

Department of Medical Microbiology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Mycology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes Centre National de Référence Aspergilloses chroniques ECMM Excellence Center in Mycology Rennes France

Department of Pathology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA

Division of Clinical Microbiology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA

Division of Infectious Diseases Medical University of Graz Graz Austria

Division of Infectious Diseases Mount Auburn Hospital and Harvard Medical School Cambridge Massachusetts USA

Excellence Center for Medical Mycology Department 1 of Internal Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany

Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi Hilversum the Netherlands

Infectious Disease Research Program Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology University Children's Hospital Münster Münster Germany

Jilin Agricultural University Chanchung China

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA

Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec Sainte Anne de Bellevue Canada

Laboratory Diagnostic Center RWTH Aachen University Hospital Aachen Germany

Manchester Fungal Infection Group Academic Health Science Centre University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom

McGovern Medical School Division of Infectious Diseases University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Texas USA

Medical Mycology Unit Department of Microbiology Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute University of Delhi Delhi India

Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA

Mycology Reference Laboratory Spanish National Centre for Microbiology Madrid Spain

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA

National Mycology Reference Centre SA Pathology Adelaide Australia

National Mycology Reference Laboratory Public Health England Bristol United Kingdom

National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute University of Delhi Delhi India

Natural History Museum London United Kingdom

Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes IRF SFR ICAT Université d'Angers Angers France

Public Health Ontario Toronto Toronto Canada

Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff United Kingdom

Radboudumc CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology Nijmegen the Netherlands

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Richmond United Kingdom

School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Sciences Engineering and Technology University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia

St John's Institute of Dermatology King's College London London United Kingdom

Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Sydney Sydney Australia

Translational Medical Mycology Research Unit Medical University of Graz Graz Austria

Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental Facultat de Medicina i Ciènces de la Salut Universitat Rovira i Virgili Reus Spain

University of Cologne Faculty of Medicine Institute of Translational Research Cologne Germany

University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA

University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom

Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht the Netherlands

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