Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the three most essential micronutrients which play major roles in plant survivability by being a structural or non-structural component of the cell. Plants acquire these nutrients from soil in the fixed (NO3¯, NH4+) and solubilized forms (K+, H2PO4- and HPO42-). In soil, the fixed and solubilized forms of nutrients are unavailable or available in bare minimum amounts; therefore, agrochemicals were introduced. Agrochemicals, mined from the deposits or chemically prepared, have been widely used in the agricultural farms over the decades for the sake of higher production of the crops. The excessive use of agrochemicals has been found to be deleterious for humans, as well as the environment. In the environment, agrochemical usage resulted in soil acidification, disturbance of microbial ecology, and eutrophication of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. A solution to such devastating agro-input was found to be substituted by macronutrients-availing microbiomes. Macronutrients-availing microbiomes solubilize and fix the insoluble form of nutrients and convert them into soluble forms without causing any significant harm to the environment. Microbes convert the insoluble form to the soluble form of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) through different mechanisms such as fixation, solubilization, and chelation. The microbiomes having capability of fixing and solubilizing nutrients contain some specific genes which have been reported in diverse microbial species surviving in different niches. In the present review, the biodiversity, mechanism of action, and genomics of different macronutrients-availing microbiomes are presented.

Centre for Research Impact and Outcome Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Rajpura Punjab India

Chitkara Centre for Research and Development Chitkara University Himachal Pradesh India

Department of Biochemistry College of Medicine Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Department of Biochemistry Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University Ayodhya Faizabad Uttar Pradesh India

Department of Biotechnology Graphic Era Deemed to Be University Dehradun Uttarakhand India

Department of Biotechnology Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University Katra Jammu and Kashmir India

Department of Botany University of Jammu Jammu Jammu and Kashmir India

Department of Food Technology School of Applied and Life Sciences Uttaranchal University Dehradun Uttarakhand India

Department of Genetics Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Dr Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture Eternal University Baru Sahib Sirmour Himachal Pradesh India

Desert Agriculture and Ecosystem Department Environment and Life Sciences Research Center Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Safat Kuwait

Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology Shoolini University Bhajhol Solan Himachal Pradesh India

University Centre for Research and Development Chandigarh University Mohali Punjab India

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