To identify novel genes engaged in plant epidermal development, we characterized the phenotypic variability of rosette leaf epidermis of 310 sequenced Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, focusing on trichome shape and distribution, compositional characteristics of the trichome cell wall, and histologically detectable metal ion distribution. Some of these traits correlated with cLimate parameters of our accession's locations of origin, suggesting environmental selection. A novel metal deposition pattern in stomatal guard cells was observed in some accessions. Subsequent GWAS analysis identified 1546 loci with protein sequence-altering SNPs associated with one or more traits, including 5 genes with previously reported relevant mutant phenotypes and 80 additional genes with known or predicted roles in relevant developmental and cellular processes. Some candidates, including GFS9/TT9, exhibited environmentally correlated allele distribution. Several large gene famiLies, namely DUF674, DUF784, DUF1262, DUF1985, DUF3741, cytochrome P450, receptor-Like kinases, Cys/His-rich C1 domain proteins and formins were overrepresented among the candidates for various traits, suggesting epidermal development-related functions. A possible participation of formins in guard cell metal deposition was supported by observations in available loss of function mutants. Screening of candidate gene lists against the STRING interactome database uncovered several predominantly nuclear protein interaction networks with possible novel roles in epidermal development.

Department of Experimental Plant Biology Faculty of Sciences Charles University Prague Czechia

Gregor Mendel Institute Vienna Austria

Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czechia

Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Integrative Biology Laboratory Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California USA

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