After a long-distance migration, Avars with Eastern Asian ancestry arrived in Eastern Central Europe in 567 to 568 CE and encountered groups with very different European ancestry1,2. We used ancient genome-wide data of 722 individuals and fine-grained interdisciplinary analysis of large seventh- to eighth-century CE neighbouring cemeteries south of Vienna (Austria) to address the centuries-long impact of this encounter1,2. We found that even 200 years after immigration, the ancestry at one site (Leobersdorf) remained dominantly East Asian-like, whereas the other site (Mödling) shows local, European-like ancestry. These two nearby sites show little biological relatedness, despite sharing a distinctive late-Avar culture3,4. We reconstructed six-generation pedigrees at both sites including up to 450 closely related individuals, allowing per-generation demographic profiling of the communities. Despite different ancestry, these pedigrees together with large networks of distant relatedness show absence of consanguinity, patrilineal pattern with female exogamy, multiple reproductive partnerships (for example, levirate) and direct correlation of biological connectivity with archaeological markers of social status. The generation-long genetic barrier was maintained by systematically choosing partners with similar ancestry from other sites in the Avar realm. Leobersdorf had more biological connections with the Avar heartlands than with Mödling, which is instead linked to another site from the Vienna Basin with European-like ancestry. Mobility between sites was mostly due to female exogamy pointing to different marriage networks as the main driver of the maintenance of the genetic barrier.

Curt Engelhorn Center for Archaeometry Mannheim Germany

Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China

Department of Anthropology Natural History Museum Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Archaeogenetics Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany

Department of Archaeology and Museology Faculty of Arts Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Evolutionary Anthropology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Doctoral School of Ecology and Evolution University of Vienna Vienna Austria

HEAS Human Evolution and Archaeological Science Network University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Institute for Advanced Study Princeton NJ USA

Institute for Austrian Historical Research University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Institute of Archaeological Sciences ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Institute of Archaeology Research Centre for the Humanities HUN REN Hungarian Research Network Budapest Hungary

Institute of Medieval Research Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria

School of Computer and Mathematical Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia

State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development and Human Phenome Institute Fudan University Shanghai China

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