The barbels of the subfamilies ´Poropuntinae´ and Smiliogastrinae within the family Cyprinidae play a significant role as a food source for fish in artisanal fisheries and are highly valued as ornamental fish in Thailand. In this study, we employed both conventional and molecular cytogenetics to analyze the karyotype of 15 fish species from two cyprinid lineages. All analyzed species had a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 50. Despite sharing the same 2n, our analyses revealed species-specific distribution patterns of the mapped microsatellite motifs [(CA)₁₅, (TA)₁₅, (CAC)₁₀, and (CGG)₁₀]. They were predominantly found at telomeric sites of all-to-few chromosomes. Additionally, some species exhibited a widespread distribution of the mapped microsatellites across the chromosomes while others showed no signal. These variations reflect the evolutionary divergence and chromosomal diversity within the cyprinids. Thus, our findings support the 2n stability in cyprinoid lineages while emphasizing the intrachromosomal evolutionary diversity accompanied by species-specific microsatellite distribution.

Deceased

Departamento de Genética e Evolução Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos São Paulo Brazil

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Muang Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand

Department of Conservation Biology Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus Sai Yok Kanchanaburi 71150 Thailand

Department of Fisheries Faculty of Agricultural Technology Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University Sakon Nakhon 47000 Thailand

Department of Program in Animal Science Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Agro industry Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Ayutthaya 13000 Thailand

Department of Science Faculty of Science and Technology Prince of Songkla University Pattani Campus Mueng Pattani 94000 Thailand

Division of Biology Department of Science Faculty of Science and Technology Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep Bangkok 10120 Thailand

Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies Nong Khai Campus Khon Kaen University Muang Nong Khai 43000 Thailand

Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Laboratory of Fish Genetics Czech Academy of Sciences Rumburska´ Liběchov Czech Republic

Institute of Human Genetics Jena University Hospital Friedrich Schiller University 07747 Jena Germany

School of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Phayao Tumbol Maeka Muang District Phayao Province 56000 Thailand

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Arai R. (2011) Fish Karyotypes: A Check List. Springer, Tokyo, Japan, 340 pp. 10.1007/978-4-431-53877-6 DOI

Bertollo LAC, Cioffi MB, Moreira-Filho O. (2015) Direct chromosome preparationfrom freshwater teleost fishes. In: Ozouf-Costaz C, Pisano E, Foresti F, Almeida Toledo LF. (Eds) Fish Cytogenetic Techniques.Enfield USA: CRC Press, 21–26. 10.1201/b18534-4 DOI

Buasriyot P, Sassi FMC, Donbundit N, Supiwong W, Kaewsri S, Jumrusthanasan S, Seetapan K, Pinthong K, Tanomtong A, Yanukun K, Muanglen N, Liehr T. (2024) Comparative karyotypic study of fifteen cyprinids (Cyprinidae, Cyprininae) species. An insight into the chromosomal evolution of the tribe Systomini. PLOS ONE 19(7): e0305828. 10.1371/journal.pone.0305828 PubMed DOI PMC

Chaiyasan P, Mingkwan B, Jantarat S, Suwannapoom C, Cioffi MB, Liehr T, Talumphai S, Tanomtong A, Supiwong W. (2021) Classical and molecular cytogenetics of Belontiahasselti (Perciformes: Osphronemidae): Insights into the ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system. Biodiversitas 22(2): 548–556. 10.13057/biodiv/d220205 DOI

Chaiyasan P, Phimphan S, Sarasan T, Juntaree S, Tanomtong A, Pinmongkhonkul, Supiwong W. (2021) First report on nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) polymorphism and constitutive heterochromatin of Moonlight gourami, Trichopodusmicrolepis (Perciformes, Osphronemidae). Caryologia 74(2): 111–119. 10.36253/caryologia-775 DOI

Chaiyasan P, Supiwong W, Saenjundaeng P, Seetapan K, Pinmongkhonkul S, Tanomtong A. (2018) A Report on classical cytogenetics of Highfin barb fish, Cyclocheilichthysarmatus (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae). Cytologia 83(2): 149–154. 10.1508/cytologia.83.149 DOI

Chaiyasan P, Supiwong W, Tanomtong A. (2020) Standardized karyotype and idiogram of White eye barb (Cyclocheilichthysrepasson) (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) in Thailand by conventional and Ag-NOR staining techniques. KKU Research Journal 20(1): 1–10.

Chantapan T. (2015) Standardized karyotype and ideogram of cyprinid fishes (Subfamily: Cyprininae) in Thailand. [Master Dissertation]. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University.

Cioffi MB, Bertollo LAC. (2012) Chromosomal distribution and evolution of repetitive DNAs in Fish. Genome Dynamics 7: 197–221. 10.1159/000337950 PubMed DOI

Cioffi MB, Bertollo LAC, Villa MA, Oliveira EA, Tanomtong A, Yano W, Supiwong W, Chaveerach A. (2015) Genomic organization of repetitive DNA elements and its implications for the thromosomal evolution of Channid fishes (Actinopterygii, Perciformes). PLOS ONE 10(6): e0130199. 10.1371/journal.pone.0130199 PubMed DOI PMC

Cioffi MB, Franco W, Ferreira R, Carlos BLA. (2012) Chromosomes as tools for discovering biodiversity-the case of Erythrinidae fish family. In: Tirunilai P. (Ed.) Recent Trends in Cytogenetic Studies – Methodologies and Applications.London, United Kingdom: InTech, 125–146.

Cioffi MB, Kejnovsky E, Bertollo LAC. (2011) The chromosomal distribution of microsatellite repeats in the genome of the Wolf fish Hopliasmalabaricus, Focusing on the Sex Chromosomes. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 132: 289–296. 10.1159/000322058 PubMed DOI

Collares-Pereira MJ, Propero MI, Bileu RI, Rodrigues E. (1998) Leuciscus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) karyotypes: transect of Portuguese populations. Genetics and Molecular Biology 21(1): 63–69. 10.1590/S1415-47571998000100011 DOI

Demarais BD, Dowling TE, Douglas ME, Minckley WL, Marsh PC. (1992) Origin of Gilaseminuda (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: Implications for evolution and conservation. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: National Academy of Sciences 89(7): 2747–2751. 10.1073/pnas.89.7.2747 PubMed DOI PMC

Dernberg AF, Sedat JW, Hawley RS. (1996) Direct evidence of role for heterochromatin in meiotic chromosome segregation. Cell 86: 135–146. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80084-7 PubMed DOI

Ditcharoen S, Bertollo LAC, Ráb P, Hnatkova MWF, Liehr T, Tanomtomg A, Triantaphyllidis C, Ozouf-Costaz C, Tongnunui S, Pengseng P, Supiwong W, Aroutiounian R, Cioffi MB. (2019) Genomic organization of repetitive DNA elements and extensive karyotype diversity of Silurid Catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes): A Comparative Cytogenetic Approach. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(3545): 1–18. 10.3390/ijms20143545 PubMed DOI PMC

Ditcharoen S, Sassi FMC, Bertollo LAC, Molina WF, Liehr T, Saengjundaeng P, Tanomtong A, Supiwong W, Suwannapoom C, Cioffi MB. (2020) Comparative chromosomal mapping of microsatellite repeats reveals divergent patterns of accumulation in Siluridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) species. Genetics and Molecular Biology 43(4): 1–11. 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0091 PubMed DOI PMC

Donsakul T, Magtoon W, Rangsiruji A. (2005) Karyotypes of four cyprinid fishes: Cyclocheilichthysrepasson, Cosmochilusharmandi, Poropuntiusdeauratus and Sikukiagudgeri from Thailand. In: Proceedings of 43th Kasetsart University Annual Conference: Fisheries, Environmental and Natural Resource Management, 1–4 February 2005. Bangkok, Thailand, 344–351.

Donsakul T, Magtoon W, Rangsiruji A. (2006) Karyological studies of four cyprinid fishes: Barbichthysnitidus, Mystacoleucusargenteus, Cyclocheilichthyslagleri and Systomus sp.1 from Thailand. In: Proceedings of 44th Kasetsart University Annual Conference: Fisheries, 30 January – 2 February 2006. Bangkok, Thailand, 469–476.

Doori ASJ, Arslan A. (2022) Karyotypes and ZZ/ZW Sex Chromosome System of Endemic Squaliusrecurvirostris (Leuciscinae, Cyprinidae) in Turkey. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature 25(4): 649–657. 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi. 915278 DOI

Ellegren H. (2004) Microsatellites: simple sequences with complex evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics 5: 435–445. 10.1038/nrg1348 PubMed DOI

Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Fong JD. (2025) Genera / specie by family / subfamily in Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp [Accessed on 6 March 2025]

Ganai FA, Yousuf AR, Dar SA, Tripathi NK, Wani SU. (2011) Cytotaxonomic status of schizothoracine fishes of Kashmir Himalaya (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Caryologia 64(4): 435–445.

Garrido-Ramos MA. (2017) Satellite DNA: an evolving topic. Genes 8(9): 230. 10.3390/genes8090230 PubMed DOI PMC

Getlekha N, Cioffi MB, Yano CF, Maneechot N, Bertollo LAC, Supiwong W, Tanomtong A, Molina WF. (2016a) Chromosome mapping of repetitive DNAs in sergeant major fishes (Abudefdufinae, Pomacentridae): a general view on the chromosomal conservatism of the genus. Genetica 144: 567–576. 10.1007/s10709-016-9925-y PubMed DOI

Getlekha N, Molina WF, Cioffi MB, Yano CF, Maneechot N, Bertollo LAC, Supiwong W, Tanomtong A. (2016b) Repetitive DNAs highlight the role of chromosome fusions in the karyotype evolution of Dascyllus species (Pomacentridae, Perciformes). Genetica 144(2): 203–211. 10.1007/s10709-016-9890-5 PubMed DOI

Haerter CAG, Blanco DR, Traldi JB, Feldberg E, Margarido VP, Lui RL. (2023) Are scattered microsatellites weak chromosomal markers? Guided mapping reveals new insights into Trachelyopterus (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) diversity. PLOS ONE 18(6): e0285388. 10.1371/journal.pone.0285388 PubMed DOI PMC

Hong Y, Zhou T. (1985) Studies on the karyotype and C-banding patterns in Acheilognathusgracilis with a discussion on the evolution of acheilognathid fishes. Acta Geoscientica Sinica 12: 143–148.

Kang B, He D, Perrett L, Wang H, Hu W, Deng W, Wu Y. (2009) Fish and fisheries in the upper Mekong: current assessment of the fish community, threats and conservation. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 19: 465–480. 10.1007/s11160-009-9114-5 DOI

Khensuwan S, Sassi FMC, Moraes RLR, Jantarat S, Seetapan K, Phintong K, Thongnetr W, Kaewsri S, Jumrusthanasan S, Supiwong W, Ráb P, Tanomtong A, Liehr T, Cioffi MB. (2023) Chromosomes of Asian cyprinid fishes: genomic differences in conserved karyotypes of ‘Poropuntiinae’ (Teleostei, Cyprinidae). Animals 13(8): 1415. 10.3390/ani13081415 PubMed DOI PMC

Khensuwan S, Sassi FMC, Moraes RLR, Ráb P, Liehr T, Supiwong W, Seetapan K, Tanomtong A, Tantisuwichwong N, Arunsang S, Buasriyot P, Tongnunui S, Cioffi MB. (2024) Chromosomes of Asian cyprinid fishes: novel insight into the chromosomal evolution of Labeoninae (Teleostei, Cyprinidae). PLOS ONE 19(2): e0292689. 10.1371/journal.pone.0292689 PubMed DOI PMC

Khensuwan S, Supiwong W, Suwannapoom C, Buasriyot P, Jantarat S, Thongnetr W, Muanglen N, Kaewmad P, Saenjundaeng P, Seetapan K, Liehr T, Tanomtong A. (2023) A comparative cytogenetic study of Hypsibarbusmalcolmi and H.wetmorei (Cyprinidae, Poropuntiini). Comparative Cytogenetics 17: 181–194. 10.3897/compcytogen.17.107703 PubMed DOI PMC

Kubat Z, Hobza R, Vyskot B, Kejnovsky E. (2008) Microsatellite accumulation in the Y chromosome of Silenelatifolia. Genome 51: 350–35610.1139/G08-024 PubMed DOI

Kushwaha B, Baisvar VS, Kumar R. (2021) 18S rDNA Mapping revealed conservation and rearrangements of chromosome segments in Two Channa species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 91: 675–679. 10.1007/s40011-021-01257-8 DOI

Lei Y, Zhou Y, Price M, Song Z. (2021) Genome-wide characterization of microsatellite DNA in fishes: survey and analysis of their abundance and frequency in genome-specific regions. BMC Genomics 22: 421. 10.1186/s12864-021-07752-6 PubMed DOI PMC

Levan A, Fredga K, Sandberg A. (1964) Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas 52: 201–220. 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1964.tb01953.x DOI

Li YC, Korol AB, Fahima T, Beiles A, Nevo E. (2002) Microsatellites: genomic distribution, putative functions and mutational mechanisms: a review. Molecular Ecology 11(12): 2453–65. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01643.x PubMed DOI

López-Flores L, Garrido-Ramos MA. (2012) The repetitive DNA content of eukaryotic genomes. Genome Dyn 7: 1–28. 10.1159/000337118 PubMed DOI

Machado CRD, Domit C, Pucci MB, Gazolla CB, Glugoski L, Nogaroto V, Vicari MR. (2020) Heterochromatin and microsatellites detection in karyotypes of four sea turtle species: Interspecific chromosomal differences. Genetics and Molecular Biology 43(4): e20200213. 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0213 PubMed DOI PMC

Magtoon W, Arai R. (1989) Karyotypes of five Puntius species and one Cyclocheilichthys species (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from Thailand. Bulletin of the National Science Museum Series A (Zoology) 15(3): 167–175.

Maneechot N, Yano CF, Bertollo LAC, Getlekha N, Molina WF, Ditcharoen S, Tengjaroenkul B, Supiwong S, Tanomtong A, Cioffi MB. (2016) Genomic organization of repetitive DNAs highlights chromosomal evolution in the genus Clarias (Clariidae, Siluriformes). Molecular Cytogenetics 9(4): 1–10. 10.1186/s13039-016-0215-2 PubMed DOI PMC

Mingkwan B, Sassi FMC, Muanglenm N, Pinmongkhonkul S, Pinthong K, Tongnunui S, Yeesin P, Tanomtong A, Liehr T, Cioffi MB, Supiwong W. (2023) Evolutionary tracks of chromosomal diversification in Trichopsis (Anabantiformes, Osphronemidae) fishes: new insights from a molecular cytogenetic perspective. Biodiversitas 24(3): 1551–1559. 10.13057/biodiv/d240327 DOI

Messier W, Li SH, Stewart CB. (1996) The birth of microsatellites. Nature 381: 483. 10.1038/381483a0 PubMed DOI

Moraes RLR, Bertollo LAC, Marin MMF, Yano CF, Hatanaka T, Barby FF, Troy WP, Cioffi MB. (2017) Evolutionary relationships and cytotaxonomy considerations in the genus Pyrrhulina (CharaciformesLebiasinidae). Zebrafish 14: 536–546. 10.1089/zeb.2017.1465 PubMed DOI

Moraes RLR, Sember A, Bertollo LAC, Oliveira EA, Ráb P, Hatanaka T, Marinho MMF, Liehr T, Al-Rikabi ABH, Feldberg E, Viana PF, Cioffi MB. (2019) Comparative cytogenetics and neo-Y formation in small-sized fish species of the genus Pyrrhulina (Characiformes, Lebiasinidae). Frontiers in Genetics 10: 678. 10.3389/fgene.2019.00678 PubMed DOI PMC

Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858. 10.1038/35002501 PubMed DOI

Padeken J, Zeller P, Gasser SM. (2015) Repeat DNA in genome organization and stability. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 31: 12–19. 10.1016/j.gde.2015.03.009 PubMed DOI

Pissaparn M, Phimphan S, Chaiyasan P, Tanoamtong A, Liehr T, Suwannapoom C, Reungsing M, Supiwong W. (2020) First chromosome analysis of Thai pufferfish Pao cochinchinensis (Steindachner, 1866). Biodiversitas 21(9): 4309–4316. 10.13057/biodiv/d210949 DOI

Phimphan S, Chaiyasan P, Suwannapoom C, Reungsing M, Juntaree S, Tanomtong A, Supiwong W. (2020) Comparative karyotype study of three cyprinids (Cyprinidae, Cyprininae) in Thailand by classical cytogenetic and FISH techniques. Comparative Cytogenetics 14(4): 597–612. 10.3897/CompCytogen.v14i4.54428 PubMed DOI PMC

Prazdnikov DV. (2023) Chromosome complements of Channalucius and C.striata from Phu Quoc Island and karyotypic evolution in snakehead Fishes (Actinopterygii, Channidae). Comparative Cytogenetics 17(1): 1–12. 10.3897/compcytogen.v17.i1.94943 PubMed DOI PMC

Saenjundaeng P, Supiwong W, Sassi FMC, Bertollo LAC, Ráb P, Kretschmer R, Tanomtong A, Suwannapoom C, Reungsing M, Cioffi MB. (2020) Chromosomes of Asian cyprinid fishes: variable Karyotype patterns and evolutionary trends in the genus Osteochilus (Cyprinidae, Labeoninae, “Osteochilini”). Genetics and Molecular Biology 43(4): e20200195. 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0195 PubMed DOI PMC

Sassi FMC, Oliveira EA, Bertollo LAC, Nirchio M, Hatanaka T, Marinho MMF, Moreira-Filho O, Aroutiounian R, Liehr T, Al-Rikabi ABH, Cioffi MB. (2019) Chromosomal evolution and evolutionary relationships of Lebiasina species (Characiformes, Lebiasinidae). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(12): 1–17. 10.3390/ijms20122944 PubMed DOI PMC

Schneider CH, Gross MC, Terencio ML, Carmo EJ, Martins C, Feldberg E. (2013) Evolutionary dynamics of retrotransposable elements Rex1, Rex3 and Rex6 in neotropical cichlids genome. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 152. 10.1186/1471-2148-13-152 PubMed DOI PMC

Seetapan K. (2007) Karyotypes of sex fish species of the family Cyprinidae. https://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/kukr_es/index.php?/BKN/search_detail/result/10360 [Accessed on 23 September 2024]

Sola L, Gornung E. (2001) Classical and molecular cytogenetics of the zebrafish, Daniorerio (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes): An overview. Genetica 111(1–3): 397–412. 10.1023/A:1013776323077 PubMed DOI

Suntronpong A, Thapana W, Twilprawat P, Prakhongcheep O, Somyong S, Muangmai N, Peyachoknagul S, Srikulnath K. (2017) Karyological characterization and identification of four repetitive element groups (the 18S – 28S rRNA gene, telomeric sequences, microsatellite repeat motifs, Rex retroelements) of the Asian swamp eel (Monopterusalbus). Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 435–462. 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.11739 PubMed DOI PMC

Supiwong W, Liehr T, Cioffi MB, Chaveerach A, Kosyakova N, Pinthong K, Tanee T, Tanomtong A. (2014) Chromosomal evolution in naked catfishes (Bagridae, Siluriformes): a comparative chromosome mapping study. Zoologischer Anzeiger 253(4): 316–320. 10.1016/j.jcz.2014.02.004 DOI

Supiwong W, Phimphan S, Kaewmad P, Saenjundaeng P, Jantarat S, Tanomtong A. (2017) First cytogenetic study of the whitecheek monocle bream, Scolopsisvosmeri (Perciformes, Nemipteridae) from Thailand. Cytologia 82(5): 481–484. 10.1508/cytologia.82.481 DOI

Supiwong W, Wongchantra P, Thongnetr W, Mingkwan B, Chaiyasan P, Pinmongkhonkul S, Pinthong K, Tanomtomg A. (2021) Comparative cytogenetic analysis of fishes in the genus Trichopodus (Osphronemidae) in Thailand. Biodiversitas 22(7): 3029–3036. 10.13057/biodiv/d220757 DOI

Tan M, Armbruster JW. (2018) Phylogenetic classification of extant genera of fishes of the order Cypriniformes (Teleostei, Ostariophysi). Zootaxa 4476: 6–39. 10.11646/zootaxa.4476.1.4 PubMed DOI

Viana PF, Feldberg E, Takagui FH, Menezes S, Vogt RC, Ezaz T. (2022) Matamatas Chelus spp. (Testudines, Chelidae) have a remarkable evolutionary history of sex chromosomes with a long-term stable XY microchromosome System. Scientific Reports 12: 1–14. 10.1038/s41598-022-10782-z PubMed DOI PMC

Xu D, Lou B, Bertollo LAC, Cioffi MB. (2013) Chromosomal mapping of microsatellite repeats in the rock bream fish Oplegnathusfasciatus, with emphasis of their distribution in the neo-Y chromosome. Molecular Cytogenetics 6: 12. 10.1186/1755-8166-6-12 PubMed DOI PMC

Yang L, Sado T, Vincent Hirt M, Pasco-Viel E, Arunachalam M, Li J, Wang X, Freyhof J, Saitoh K, Simons AM, Miya M, He S, Mayden RL. (2015) Phylogeny and polyploidy: Resolving the classification of cyprinine fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 85: 97–116. 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.014 PubMed DOI

Yano CF, Bertollo LAC, Cioffi MB. (2017) Fish-FISH: molecular cytogenetics in fish species. In: Liehr T. (Ed.) Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)-application guide.Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 429–444. 10.1007/978-3-662-52959-1_44 DOI

Yano CF, Poltronieri J, Bertollo LAC, Artoni RF, Liehr T, Cioffi MB. (2014) Chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNAs in Triportheustrifurcatus (Characidae, Characiformes): insights into the differentiation of the Z and W chromosomes. PLOS ONE 9(3): e90946. 10.1371/journal.pone.0090946 PubMed DOI PMC

Yeesin P, Buasriyot P, Ditcharoen S, Chaiyasan P, Suwannapoom C, Juntaree S. (2021) Comparative study of four Mystus species (Bagridae, Siluriformes) from Thailand: insights into their karyotypic diversity. Comparative Cytogenetics 15(2): 119–136. 10.3897/CompCytogen.v15i2.60649 PubMed DOI PMC

Yu XY, Yu XJ. (1990) A schizothoracine fish species, Diptychusdipogon, with a very high number of chromosomes. Chromosome Information Service 48: 17–18.