The Labeoninae subfamily is a highly diversified but demonstrably monophyletic lineage of cyprinid fishes comprising five tribes and six incertae sedis genera. This widely distributed assemblage contains some 48 genera and around 480 recognized species distributed in freshwaters of Africa and Asia. In this study, the karyotypes and other chromosomal properties of five Labeoninae species found in Thailand Labeo chrysophekadion (Labeonini) and Epalzeorhynchos bicolor, Epalzeorhynchos munense, Henicorhynchus siamensis, Thynnichthys thynnoides (´Osteochilini´) were examined using conventional and molecular cytogenetic protocols. Our results confirmed a diploid chromosome number (2n) invariably 2n = 50, but the ratio of uni- and bi-armed chromosomes was highly variable among their karyotypes, indicating extensive structural chromosomal rearrangements. Karyotype of L. chrysophekadion contained 10m+6sm+20st+14a, 32m+10sm+8st for H. siamensis, 20m+12sm+10st+8a in E. bicolor, 20m+8sm+8st+14a in E. munense, and 18m+24sm+8st in T. thynnoides. Except for H. siamensis, which had four sites of 5S rDNA sites, other species under study had only one chromosome pair with those sites. In contrast, only one pair containing 18S rDNA sites were found in the karyotypes of three species, whereas two sites were found in that of E. bicolor. These cytogenetic patterns indicated that the cytogenomic divergence patterns of these labeonine species largely corresponded to the inferred phylogenetic tree. In spite of the 2n stability, diverse patterns of rDNA and microsatellite distribution as well as their various karyotype structures demonstrated significant evolutionary differentiation of Labeoninae genomes as exemplified in examined species. Labeoninae offers a traditional point of view on the evolutionary forces fostering biological diversity, and the recent findings add new pieces to comprehend the function of structural chromosomal rearrangements in adaption and speciation.

Departamento de Genética e Evolução Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos São Paulo Brazil

Department of Biology Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Muang Khon Kaen Thailand

Department of Conservation Biology Mahidol University Kanchanburi Campus Sai Yok Kanchanaburi Province Thailand

Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies Khon Kaen University Nong Khai Campus Muang Nong Khai Thailand

Faculty of Science and Technology Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi Mueang Nonthaburi Nonthaburi Thailand

Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Laboratory of Fish Genetics Czech Academy of Sciences Rumburská Liběchov Czech Republic

Institute of Human Genetics University Hospital Jena Jena Germany

Program in Animal Science Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Agro Industry Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Ayutthaya Thailand

School of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Phayao Tumbol Maeka Muang Phayao Thailand

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