Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] has been recognized as an independent, inherited, causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and aortic valve stenosis, thus representing a major target of residual CV risk. Currently, no drug has been officially approved for lowering Lp(a) levels, and in clinical practice, Lp(a) is mainly used to (re)define CV risk, particularly in individuals at borderline CV risk and people with a family history of premature coronary heart disease, according to various guidelines. Specific Lp(a)-targeted antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) agents have been developed to produce substantial Lp(a) reductions via the inhibition of apo(a) synthesis in the liver. These drugs are conjugated to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to ensure their binding to asialoglycoproteins, which are specifically expressed on the surface of the hepatocytes. Such drugs include pelacarsen (an injectable ASO) and olpasiran, zerlasiran, and lepodisiran (injectable siRNA agents). Muvalaplin represents another therapeutic option to lower Lp(a) levels, since it is an oral selective small molecule inhibitor of Lp(a) formation, thus potentially exerting certain advantages in terms of its clinical use. The present narrative review summarizes the available clinical data on the efficacy and safety of these investigational Lp(a)-lowering therapies, as reported in phase 1 and 2 trials. The effects of these drugs on other [aside from Lp(a)] lipid parameters are also discussed. The phase 3 CV trial outcomes are ongoing for some of these agents (i.e., pelacarsen, olpasiran, and lepodisiran) and are briefly mentioned. Overall, there is an urgent need for evidence-based guidelines on Lp(a) reduction in daily clinical practice, following the results of the phase 3 CV trials, as well as for establishing the ideal Lp(a) quantification method (i.e., using an apo(a) isoform-independent assay with appropriate calibrators, reporting the Lp(a) level in molar units).

3rd Department of Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital 12800 Prague Czech Republic

Center for Endocrinology Diabetes and Preventive Medicine Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne University of Cologne 50923 Cologne Germany

Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics International Hellenic University 57400 Thessaloniki Greece

Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology Medical University of Lodz and Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute 93 338 Lodz Poland

School of Medicine European University Cyprus 2404 Nicosia Cyprus

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Gomez-Delgado F., Raya-Cruz M., Katsiki N., Delgado-Lista J., Perez-Martinez P. Residual cardiovascular risk: When should we treat it? Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2024;120:17–24. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.10.013. PubMed DOI

Shah N.P., Pajidipati N.J., McGarrah R.W., Navar A.M., Vemulapalli S., Blazing M.A., Shah S.H., Hernandez A.F., Patel M.R. Lipoprotein(a): An Update on a Marker of Residual Risk and Associated Clinical Manifestations. Am. J. Cardiol. 2020;126:94–102. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.03.043. PubMed DOI PMC

Kronenberg F., Mora S., Stroes E.S.G., Ference B.A., Arsenault B.J., Berglund L., Dweck M.R., Koschinsky M., Lambert G., Mach F., et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: A European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. Eur. Heart J. 2022;43:3925–3946. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361. PubMed DOI PMC

Katsiki N., Al-Rasadi K., Mikhailidis D.P. Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Risk: The Show Must go on. Curr. Med. Chem. 2017;24:989–1006. doi: 10.2174/0929867324666170112111948. PubMed DOI

Kolovou G.D., Katsiki N., Mikhailidis D.P. Editorial: Lipoprotein(a), More than Just Cholesterol? Curr. Med. Chem. 2017;24:952–956. doi: 10.2174/092986732410170526175719. PubMed DOI

Reyes-Soffer G., Ginsberg H.N., Berglund L., Duell P.B., Heffron S.P., Kamstrup P.R., Lloyd-Jones D.M., Marcovina S.M., Yeang C., Koschinsky M.L., et al. Lipoprotein(a): A Genetically Determined, Causal, and Prevalent Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2022;42:e48–e60. doi: 10.1161/ATV.0000000000000147. PubMed DOI PMC

Tromp T.R., Ibrahim S., Nurmohamed N.S., Peter J., Zuurbier L., Defesche J.C., Reeskamp L.F., Hovingh G.K., Stroes E.S.G. Use of Lipoprotein(a) to improve diagnosis and management in clinical familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2023;365:27–33. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.11.020. PubMed DOI

Kronenberg F., Mora S., Stroes E.S.G., Ference B.A., Arsenault B.J., Berglund L., Dweck M.R., Koschinsky M.L., Lambert G., Mach F., et al. Frequent questions and responses on the 2022 lipoprotein(a) consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Atherosclerosis. 2023;374:107–120. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.04.012. PubMed DOI

Arnold N., Blaum C., Goßling A., Brunner F.J., Bay B., Zeller T., Ferrario M.M., Brambilla P., Cesana G., Leoni V., et al. Impact of Lipoprotein(a) Level on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol- or Apolipoprotein B-Related Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2024;84:165–177. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.050. PubMed DOI

Willeit P., Yeang C., Moriarty P.M., Tschiderer L., Varvel S.A., McConnell J.P., Tsimikas S. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Corrected for Lipoprotein(a) Cholesterol, Risk Thresholds, and Cardiovascular Events. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e016318. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.016318. PubMed DOI PMC

Bittner V.A., Szarek M., Aylward P.E., Bhatt D.L., Diaz R., Edelberg J.M., Fras Z., Goodman S.G., Halvorsen S., Hanotin C., et al. Effect of Alirocumab on Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Risk After Acute Coronary Syndrome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020;75:133–144. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.10.057. PubMed DOI

Mach F., Baigent C., Catapano A.L., Koskinas K.C., Casula M., Badimon L., Chapman M.J., De Backer G.G., Delgado V., Ference B.A., et al. 2019 ESC/EASGuidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur. Heart J. 2020;41:111–188. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455. PubMed DOI

Banach M., Reiner Ž., Surma S., Bajraktari G., Bielecka-Dabrowa A., Bunc M., Bytyçi I., Ceska R., Cicero A.F.G., Dudek D., et al. 2024 Recommendations on the Optimal Use of Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Established Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Following Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Position Paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP) Drugs. 2024;84:1541–1577. doi: 10.1007/s40265-024-02105-5. PubMed DOI PMC

Katsiki N., Filippatos T., Vlachopoulos C., Panagiotakos D., Milionis H., Tselepis A., Garoufi A., Rallidis L., Richter D., Nomikos T., et al. Executive summary of the Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias-2023. Atheroscler. Plus. 2024;55:74–92. doi: 10.1016/j.athplu.2024.01.004. PubMed DOI PMC

Corral P., Matta M.G., Aguilar-Salinas C., Mehta R., Berg G., Ruscica M., Schreier L. Lipoprotein(a) throughout life in women. Am. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2024;20:100885. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2024.100885. PubMed DOI PMC

Sosnowska B., Stepinska J., Mitkowski P., Bielecka-Dabrowa A., Bobrowska B., Budzianowski J., Burchardt P., Chlebus K., Dobrowolski P., Gasior M., et al. Recommendations of the Experts of the Polish Cardiac Society (PCS) and the Polish Lipid Association (PoLA) on the diagnosis and management of elevated lipoprotein(a) levels. Arch. Med. Sci. 2024;20:8–27. doi: 10.5114/aoms/183522. PubMed DOI PMC

Kamstrup P.R., Neely R.D.G., Nissen S., Landmesser U., Haghikia A., Costa-Scharplatz M., Abbas C., Nordestgaard B.G. Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease: Sifting the evidence to guide future research. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2024;31:903–914. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae032. PubMed DOI

Pearson G.J., Thanassoulis G., Anderson T.J., Barry A.R., Couture P., Dayan N., Francis G.A., Genest J., Grégoire J., Grover S.A., et al. 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults. Can. J. Cardiol. 2021;37:1129–1150. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.03.016. PubMed DOI

Koschinsky M.L., Bajaj A., Boffa M.B., Dixon D.L., Ferdinand K.C., Gidding S.S., Gill E.A., Jacobson T.A., Michos E.D., Safarova M.S., et al. A focused update to the 2019 NLA scientific statement on use of lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice. J. Clin. Lipidol. 2024;18:e308–e319. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2024.03.001. PubMed DOI

Wilson D.P., Jacobson T.A., Jones P.H., Koschinsky M.L., McNeal C.J., Nordestgaard B.G., Orringer C.E. Use of Lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: A biomarker whose time has come. A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association. J. Clin. Lipidol. 2019;13:374–392. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.04.010. PubMed DOI

Sosnowska B., Toth P.P., Razavi A.C., Remaley A.T., Blumenthal R.S., Banach M. 2024: The Year in Cardiovascular Disease—The Year of Lipoprotein(a)—Research Advances and New Findings. Arch. Med. Sci. 2025 doi: 10.5114/aoms/202213. PubMed DOI PMC

Schwartz G.G., Ballantyne C.M. Existing and emerging strategies to lower Lipoprotein(a) Atherosclerosis. 2022;349:110–122. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.04.020. PubMed DOI

Franchini M., Capuzzo E., Liumbruno G.M. Lipoprotein apheresis for the treatment of elevated circulating levels of lipoprotein(a): A critical literature review. Blood Transfus. 2016;14:413–418. PubMed PMC

Kaur G., Abdelrahman K., Berman A.N., Biery D.W., Shiyovich A., Huck D., Garshick M., Blankstein R., Weber B. Lipoprotein(a): Emerging insights and therapeutics. Am. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2024;18:100641. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2024.100641. PubMed DOI PMC

Banach M., Surma S., Kapłon-Cieślicka A., Mitkowski P., Dzida G., Tomasik T., Mastalerz-Migas A. Position paper of the Polish Expert Group on the use of pitavastatin in the treatment of lipid disorders in Poland endorsed by the Polish Lipid Association. Arch. Med. Sci. 2023;20:28–42. doi: 10.5114/aoms/175879. PubMed DOI PMC

Nurmohamed N.S., Kraaijenhof J.M., Stroes E.S.G. Lp(a): A New Pathway to Target? Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2022;24:831–838. doi: 10.1007/s11883-022-01060-4. PubMed DOI PMC

Awad K., Mikhailidis D.P., Katsiki N., Muntner P., Banach M., Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group Effect of Ezetimibe Monotherapy on Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations in Patients with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Drugs. 2018;78:453–462. doi: 10.1007/s40265-018-0870-1. PubMed DOI

Dai H., Zhu Y., Chen Z., Yan R., Liu J., He Z., Zhang L., Zhang F., Yan S. Impact of alirocumab/evolocumab on lipoprotein(a) concentrations in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Endokrynol. Pol. 2023;74:234–242. doi: 10.5603/EP.a2023.0036. PubMed DOI

Katsiki N., Vrablik M., Banach M., Gouni-Berthold I. Inclisiran, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Lipoprotein(a) Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16:577. doi: 10.3390/ph16040577. PubMed DOI PMC

Blanchard V., Chemello K., Hollstein T., Hong-Fong C.C., Schumann F., Grenkowitz T., Nativel B., Coassin S., Croyal M., Kassner U., et al. The size of apolipoprotein(a) is an independent determinant of the reduction in lipoprotein(a) induced by PCSK9 inhibitors. Cardiovasc. Res. 2022;118:2103–2111. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvab247. PubMed DOI

Fogacci F., Di Micoli V., Sabouret P., Giovannini M., Cicero A.F.G. Lifestyle and Lipoprotein(a) Levels: Does a Specific Counseling Make Sense? J. Clin. Med. 2024;13:751. doi: 10.3390/jcm13030751. PubMed DOI PMC

Enkhmaa B., Petersen K.S., Kris-Etherton P.M., Berglund L. Diet and Lp(a): Does Dietary Change Modify Residual Cardiovascular Risk Conferred by Lp(a)? Nutrients. 2020;12:2024. doi: 10.3390/nu12072024. PubMed DOI PMC

Momtazi-Borojeni A.A., Katsiki N., Pirro M., Banach M., Rasadi K.A., Sahebkar A. Dietary natural products as emerging lipoprotein(a)-lowering agents. J. Cell Physiol. 2019;234:12581–12594. doi: 10.1002/jcp.28134. PubMed DOI

Hsieh A., Yang X., Ditmarsch M., Davidson M., Kastelein J., Tsimikas S. Obicetrapib Demonstrates Significant Reductions of Lp(a) on Top of High-Intensity Statins. J. Clin. Lipidol. 2024;18:e563–e564. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2024.04.100. DOI

Nicholls S., Nelson A., Ditmarsch M., Kastelein J., Ballantyne C., Ray K., Navar A.M., Nissen S.E., Harada-Shiba M., Curcio D.L., et al. 4171281 Safety and Efficacy of Obicetrapib in Patients with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 2024;150 doi: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001299. DOI

Burgess S., Ference B.A., Staley J.R., Freitag D.F., Mason A.M., Nielsen S.F., Willeit P., Young R., Surendran P., Karthikeyan S., et al. Association of LPA Variants with Risk of Coronary Disease and the Implications for Lipoprotein(a)-Lowering Therapies: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3:619–627. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.1470. PubMed DOI PMC

Tsimikas S., Moriarty P.M., Stroes E.S. Emerging RNA Therapeutics to Lower Blood Levels of Lp(a): JACC Focus Seminar 2/4. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2021;77:1576–1589. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.051. PubMed DOI

Zhang L., Liang Y., Liang G., Tian Z., Zhang Y., Liu Z., Ji X. The therapeutic prospects of N-acetylgalactosamine-siRNA conjugates. Front. Pharmacol. 2022;13:1090237. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1090237. PubMed DOI PMC

Katzmann J.L., Packard C.J., Chapman M.J., Katzmann I., Laufs U. Targeting RNA with Antisense Oligonucleotides and Small Interfering RNA: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020;76:563–579. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.070. PubMed DOI

Swerdlow D.I., Rider D.A., Yavari A., Wikström Lindholm M., Campion G.V., Nissen S.E. Treatment and prevention of lipoprotein(a)-mediated cardiovascular disease: The emerging potential of RNA interference therapeutics. Cardiovasc. Res. 2022;118:1218–1231. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvab100. PubMed DOI PMC

Doerfler A.M., Park S.H., Assini J.M., Youssef A., Saxena L., Yaseen A.B., De Giorgi M., Chuecos M., Hurley A.E., Li A., et al. LPA disruption with AAV-CRISPR potently lowers plasma apo(a) in transgenic mouse model: A proof-of-concept study. Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev. 2022;27:337–351. doi: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.10.009. PubMed DOI PMC

Anchouche K., Thanassoulis G. Lp(a): A Rapidly Evolving Therapeutic Landscape. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2024;27:7. doi: 10.1007/s11883-024-01252-0. PubMed DOI

Tsimikas S., Viney N.J., Hughes S.G., Singleton W., Graham M.J., Baker B.F., Burkey J.L., Yang Q., Marcovina S.M., Geary R.S., et al. Antisense therapy targeting apolipoprotein(a): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 study. Lancet. 2015;386:1472–1483. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61252-1. PubMed DOI

Viney N.J., van Capelleveen J.C., Geary R.S., Xia S., Tami J.A., Yu R.Z., Marcovina S.M., Hughes S.G., Graham M.J., Crooke R.M., et al. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting apolipoprotein(a) in people with raised lipoprotein(a): Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trials. Lancet. 2016;388:2239–2253. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31009-1. PubMed DOI

Tsimikas S., Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E., Gouni-Berthold I., Tardif J.C., Baum S.J., Steinhagen-Thiessen E., Shapiro M.D., Stroes E.S., Moriarty P.M., Nordestgaard B.G., et al. Lipoprotein(a) Reduction in Persons with Cardiovascular Disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020;382:244–255. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1905239. PubMed DOI

Assessing the Impact of Lipoprotein (a) Lowering with Pelacarsen (TQJ230) on Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with CVD (Lp(a)HORIZON) [(accessed on 15 March 2025)]; Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04023552.

Cho L., Nicholls S.J., Nordestgaard B.G., Landmesser U., Tsimikas S., Blaha M.J., Leitersdorf E., Lincoff A.M., Lesogor A., Manning B., et al. Design and Rationale of Lp(a)HORIZON Trial: Assessing the Effect of Lipoprotein(a) Lowering with Pelacarsen on Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with CVD and Elevated Lp(a) Am. Heart J. 2025;287:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2025.03.019. PubMed DOI

Koren M.J., Moriarty P.M., Baum S.J., Neutel J., Hernandez-Illas M., Weintraub H.S., Florio M., Kassahun H., Melquist S., Varrieur T., et al. Preclinical development and phase 1 trial of a novel siRNA targeting lipoprotein(a) Nat. Med. 2022;28:96–103. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01634-w. PubMed DOI

O’Donoghue M.L., Rosenson R.S., Gencer B., López J.A.G., Lepor N.E., Baum S.J., Stout E., Gaudet D., Knusel B., Kuder J.F., et al. Small Interfering RNA to Reduce Lipoprotein(a) in Cardiovascular Disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2022;387:1855–1864. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2211023. PubMed DOI

Rosenson R.S., López J.A.G., Gaudet D., Baum S.J., Stout E., Lepor N.E., Park J.G., Murphy S.A., Knusel B., Wang J., et al. Olpasiran, Oxidized Phospholipids, and Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers: Results From the OCEAN(a)-DOSE Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2025;10:482–486. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2024.5433. PubMed DOI PMC

Olpasiran Trials of Cardiovascular Events and Lipoprotein(a) Reduction (OCEAN(a))—Outcomes Trial. [(accessed on 15 March 2025)]; Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05581303.

Nissen S.E., Wolski K., Balog C., Swerdlow D.I., Scrimgeour A.C., Rambaran C., Wilson R.J., Boyce M., Ray K.K., Cho L., et al. Single Ascending Dose Study of a Short Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a) Production in Individuals with Elevated Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels. JAMA. 2022;327:1679–1687. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.5050. PubMed DOI PMC

Nissen S.E., Wolski K., Watts G.F., Koren M.J., Fok H., Nicholls S.J., Rider D.A., Cho L., Romano S., Melgaard C., et al. Single Ascending and Multiple-Dose Trial of Zerlasiran, a Short Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a): A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331:1534–1543. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.4504. PubMed DOI PMC

Nissen S.E., Wang Q., Nicholls S.J., Navar A.M., Ray K.K., Schwartz G.G., Szarek M., Stroes E.S.G., Troquay R., Dorresteijn J.A.N., et al. Zerlasiran—A Small-Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a): A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;332:1992–2002. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.21957. PubMed DOI PMC

Nissen S.E., Linnebjerg H., Shen X., Wolski K., Ma X., Lim S., Michael L.F., Ruotolo G., Gribble G., Navar A.M., et al. Lepodisiran, an Extended-Duration Short Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a): A Randomized Dose-Ascending Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;330:2075–2083. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.21835. PubMed DOI PMC

Nissen S.E., Ni W., Shen X., Wang Q., Navar A.M., Nicholls S.J., Wolski K., Michael L., Haupt A., Krege J.H., et al. Lepodisiran—A Long-Duration Small Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a) N. Engl. J. Med. 2025;392:1673–1683. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2415818. PubMed DOI

A Study to Investigate the Effect of Lepodisiran on the Reduction of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Adults with Elevated Lipoprotein(a)—ACCLAIM-Lp(a) [(accessed on 15 March 2025)]; Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06292013.

Hooper A.J., Fernando P.M.S., Burnett J.R. Potential of muvalaplin as a lipoprotein(a) inhibitor. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs. 2024;33:5–7. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2302592. PubMed DOI

Diaz N., Perez C., Escribano A.M., Sanz G., Priego J., Lafuente C., Barberis M., Calle L., Espinosa J.F., Priest B.T., et al. Discovery of potent small-molecule inhibitors of lipoprotein(a) formation. Nature. 2024;629:945–950. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07387-z. PubMed DOI PMC

Nicholls S.J., Nissen S.E., Fleming C., Urva S., Suico J., Berg P.H., Linnebjerg H., Ruotolo G., Turner P.K., Michael L.F. Muvalaplin, an Oral Small Molecule Inhibitor of Lipoprotein(a) Formation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;330:1042–1053. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.16503. PubMed DOI PMC

Swearingen C.A., Sloan J.H., Rhodes G.M., Siegel R.W., Bivi N., Qian Y., Konrad R.J., Boffa M., Koschinsky M., Krege J., et al. Measuring Lp(a) particles with a novel isoform-insensitive immunoassay illustrates efficacy of muvalaplin. J. Lipid Res. 2024;66:100723. doi: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100723. PubMed DOI PMC

Nicholls S.J., Ni W., Rhodes G.M., Nissen S.E., Navar A.M., Michael L.F., Haupt A., Krege J.H. Oral Muvalaplin for Lowering of Lipoprotein(a): A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2025;333:222–231. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.24017. PubMed DOI PMC

Nicholls S.J. Therapeutic Potential of Lipoprotein(a) Inhibitors. Drugs. 2024;84:637–643. doi: 10.1007/s40265-024-02046-z. PubMed DOI PMC

Madsen C.M., Kamstrup P.R., Langsted A., Varbo A., Nordestgaard B.G. Lipoprotein(a)-Lowering by 50 mg/dL (105 nmol/L) May Be Needed to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease 20% in Secondary Prevention: A Population-Based Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2020;40:255–266. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312951. PubMed DOI