BACKGROUND: Selective DNA elimination occurs across diverse species and plays a crucial role in evolution and development. This process encompasses small deletions, complete removal of chromosomes, or even the elimination of entire parental genomes. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms governing selective DNA elimination remain poorly understood. Our study focuses on the tissue-specific elimination of Sorghum purpureosericeum B chromosomes during embryo development. RESULTS: In situ B chromosome visualisation, complemented by transcriptomic profiling and gene-enrichment analysis, allows us to identify 28 candidate genes potentially linked to chromosome elimination. We show that elimination is a developmentally programmed process, peaking during mid-embryogenesis and nearly completed at later stages, leaving B chromosomes only in restricted meristematic regions. Genome sequencing reveals that the sorghum B chromosome is of multi-A chromosomal origin, has reduced gene density, is enriched in repetitive sequences, and carries a novel centromeric repeat, SpuCL166. Transcriptome analyses identify B-specific variants of kinetochore, cohesion, and checkpoint genes that are expressed during active elimination, while structural modeling of CENH3 and CENP-C indicates functional divergence at the kinetochore interface. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we provide the first comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic characterization of B chromosome and its elimination in Sorghum purpureosericeum. Our findings suggest that B chromosomes express modified mitotic machinery to control their own fate. By establishing a framework of candidate genes, this study opens new avenues for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of chromosome elimination and provides a critical foundation for understanding how genomes evolve to regulate and tolerate supernumerary chromosomal elements.

Department of Cell Biology and Genetics Faculty of Science Palacky University Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 779 00 Czech Republic

Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics Šlechtitelů 31 Olomouc 779 00 Czech Republic

Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Laboratory of Integrative Structural Biology Rozvojová 263 165 00 Praha 6 Lysolaje Czech Republic

Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Seeland Gatersleben OT 06466 Germany

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