Sorghum Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
The essential requirement for the effective phytoremediation is selection of a plant species which should be metal tolerant, with high biomass production and known agronomic techniques. The above mentioned criteria are met by crop plant sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The response of hydroponically grown S. bicolor plants to cadmium and zinc stress was followed. The impact of metal application on physiological parameters, including changes in chlorophylls contents and antioxidative enzymes activities, was followed during the stress progression. Cadmium and zinc were accumulated primarily in the roots of sorghum plants. However, elevation of metal concentrations in the media promoted their transfer to the shoots. Toxic effects of metals applied at lower concentrations were less serious in the shoots in comparison with their influence to the roots. When applied at higher concentrations, transfer of the metals into the leaves increased, causing growth reduction and leading to Chl loss and metal-induced chlorosis. Moreover, higher metal levels in the roots overcame the quenching capacity of peroxidase and glutathione transferase, which was associated with reduction of their activities. Fortification of antioxidant system by addition of glutathione significantly increased the accumulation of cadmium in the roots as well as in the shoots at the highest cadmium concentration applied.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- glutathion metabolismus MeSH
- kadmium metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- kořeny rostlin enzymologie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- listy rostlin enzymologie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- peroxidasy metabolismus MeSH
- Sorghum enzymologie růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- zinek metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- fytoterapie * MeSH
- léčivé rostliny * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Sorghum * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Silicate minerals are dominant soil components. Thus, plant roots are constantly exposed to silicic acid. High silicon intake, enabled by root silicon transporters, correlates with increased tolerance to many biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the underlying protection mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that silicon interacts with the plant hormones, and specifically, that silicic acid intake increases cytokinin biosynthesis. The reaction of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Arabidopsis plants, modified to absorb high versus low amounts of silicon, to dark-induced senescence was monitored, by quantifying expression levels of genes along the senescence pathway and measuring tissue cytokinin levels. In both species, detached leaves with high silicon content senesced more slowly than leaves that were not exposed to silicic acid. Expression levels of genes along the senescence pathway suggested increased cytokinin biosynthesis with silicon exposure. Mass spectrometry measurements of cytokinin suggested a positive correlation between silicon exposure and active cytokinin concentrations. Our results indicate a similar reaction to silicon treatment in distantly related plants, proposing a general function of silicon as a stress reliever, acting via increased cytokinin biosynthesis.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis účinky léků genetika metabolismus MeSH
- cytokininy biosyntéza MeSH
- geneticky modifikované rostliny MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- křemík metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- listy rostlin účinky léků metabolismus fyziologie MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- Sorghum účinky léků genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Identifying the genetic factors impacting the adaptation of crops to environmental conditions is of key interest for conservation and selection purposes. It can be achieved using population genomics, and evolutionary or quantitative genetics. Here we present a sorghum multireference back-cross nested association mapping population composed of 3,901 lines produced by crossing 24 diverse parents to 3 elite parents from West and Central Africa-back-cross nested association mapping. The population was phenotyped in environments characterized by differences in photoperiod, rainfall pattern, temperature levels, and soil fertility. To integrate the multiparental and multi-environmental dimension of our data we proposed a new approach for quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection and parental effect estimation. We extended our model to estimate QTL effect sensitivity to environmental covariates, which facilitated the integration of envirotyping data. Our models allowed spatial projections of the QTL effects in agro-ecologies of interest. We utilized this strategy to analyze the genetic architecture of flowering time and plant height, which represents key adaptation mechanisms in environments like West Africa. Our results allowed a better characterization of well-known genomic regions influencing flowering time concerning their response to photoperiod with Ma6 and Ma1 being photoperiod-sensitive and the region of possible candidate gene Elf3 being photoperiod-insensitive. We also accessed a better understanding of plant height genetic determinism with the combined effects of phenology-dependent (Ma6) and independent (qHT7.1 and Dw3) genomic regions. Therefore, we argue that the West and Central Africa-back-cross nested association mapping and the presented analytical approach constitute unique resources to better understand adaptation in sorghum with direct application to develop climate-smart varieties.
The 16S rRNA sequence analysis and biochemical characteristics were confirmed that the isolated bacterium is Pseudomonas sp. LBC1. The commonly used textile dye, Direct Brown MR has been used to study the fate of biodegradation. Pseudomonas sp. LBC1 showed 90% decolorization of Direct Brown MR (100 mg/L) and textile industry effluent with significant reduction in COD and BOD. The optimum condition for decolorization was 7.0 pH and 40°C. Significant increase in a activity of extracellular laccase suggested their possible involvement in decolorization of Direct Brown MR. Biodegradation metabolites viz. 3,6-dihydroxy benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-7-aminonaphthol-3-sulfonic acid, and p-dihydroperoxybenzene were identified on the basis of mass spectra and using the 1.10 beta Shimadzu NIST GC-MS library. The Direct Brown MR and textile industry effluent were toxic to Sorghum bicolor and Vigna radiata plants as compared to metabolites obtained after decolorization. The Pseudomonas sp. LBC1 could be useful strain for decolorization and detoxification of textile dyes as well as textile industry effluent.
- MeSH
- barvicí látky metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- měření biologické spotřeby kyslíku MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- odpadní vody chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- průmyslový odpad škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- Pseudomonas genetika izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- Sorghum účinky léků MeSH
- textilní průmysl MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Genetic variability of Phoma sorghina, a ubiquitous facultative phytopathogen, was investigated on 41 isolates cultivated from surface-sterilized sorghum grains originating from South Africa and Texas; pearl millet isolates from Namibia were also included. Most of the isolates from Texas produced intense red pigments, especially on Czapek-Dox agar plates. Many African isolates formed conspicuous dark radial substrate hyphae with intercalated chlamydospores on oatmeal plates. Conidial dimensions and shape were very variable (mean lengths 4.5-5.7 microm). Haplotypes were defined based on 53 markers from banding patterns obtained with rep-PCR (primers: M13core, ERIC IR). The shared geographic origin was partially reflected in the clades of the haplotype phylogram. The values of G(ST) were intermediate; 16-37 % of the variation was found between the populations. Nm values of gene flow were 0.84-1.15. Average gene diversity H(E) was moderate (0.256). Sequences of ITS-rDNA were obtained from 21 isolates. Allele 1 was found in 9 isolates scattered throughout the clades, allele 2 occurred in 6 isolates (5 of them from the same clade), alleles 3 and 4 were shared by two isolates each and two isolates were unique. Alleles 1 and 2 were also found among highly related sequences from GenBank. All shared an 8-bp deletion near the 5' end of ITS2 that was not found in any other Phoma/Didymella species and which may be a typical marker for P. sorghina. Among related species, members of legume-associated Ascochyta/Didymella complex, Epicoccum spp., D. applanata and P. glomerata were found.
- MeSH
- alely MeSH
- Ascomycota genetika izolace a purifikace klasifikace MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- jedlá semena mikrobiologie MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- Sorghum mikrobiologie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jihoafrická republika MeSH
- Texas MeSH
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various molds that contaminate many staple foods and cause a broad range of detrimental health effects in animals and humans through chronic exposure or acute toxicity. As such, the worldwide contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a significant problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, mycotoxin occurrence in staple foods consumed in Somalia was determined. A total of 140 samples (42 maize, 40 sorghum, and 58 wheat) were collected from a number of markets in Mogadishu, Somalia, and analyzed by a UPLC-MS/MS multimycotoxin method that could detect 77 toxins. All of the maize samples tested contained eight or more mycotoxins, with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) levels reaching up to 908 and 17 322 μg/kg, respectively, greatly exceeding the European Union limits and guidance values. The average probable daily intake of fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) was 16.70 μg per kilogram of body weight (kg bw) per day, representing 835% of the recommended provisional maximum tolerable daily intake value of 2 μg/(kg bw)/day. A risk characterization revealed a mean national margin of exposure of 0.62 for AFB1 with an associated risk of developing primary liver cancer estimated at 75 cancers per year per 100 000 people for white-maize consumption alone. The results clearly indicate that aflatoxin and fumonisin exposure is a major public-health concern and that risk-management actions require prioritization in Somalia.
- MeSH
- aflatoxin B1 analýza MeSH
- fumonisiny aplikace a dávkování analýza MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- kukuřice setá chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- maximální přípustná koncentrace MeSH
- mykotoxiny analýza toxicita MeSH
- nádory jater chemicky indukované MeSH
- pšenice chemie MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Sorghum chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Somálsko MeSH
Flowering time is one of the key determinants of crop adaptation to local environments during domestication. However, the genetic basis underlying flowering time is yet to be elucidated in most cereals. Although staple cereals, such as rice, maize, wheat, barley, and sorghum, have spread and adapted to a wide range of ecological environments during domestication, it is yet to be determined whether they have a common genetic basis for flowering time. In this study, we show, through map-based cloning, that flowering time in sorghum is controlled by a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) Heading Date 1 (HD1), located on chromosome 10. The causal gene encodes the CONSTANS gene family which contains a CCT domain. A 5-bp deletion of a minor allele present in the coding sequence leads to a gene frameshift that delays flowering in sorghum. In contrast, in foxtail millet, association mapping of HD1 showed a common causal site with a splicing variant from "GT" to "AT" that was highly correlated with flowering time. In addition, the rice HD1 gene is known to harbor several causal variants controlling flowering time. These data indicate that the major flowering time QTL HD1 was under parallel domestication in sorghum, foxtail millet, and rice. The pattern of common mixed minor, or even rare, causal alleles in HD1 across different species may be representative of the genetic basis of the domestication syndrome. Furthermore, large DNA sequence analysis of HD1 revealed multiple origins for domesticated sorghum and a single origin for domesticated foxtail millet.
- MeSH
- DNA rostlinná genetika MeSH
- genetická variace MeSH
- genetické lokusy MeSH
- jedlá semena genetika MeSH
- klonování DNA MeSH
- mapování chromozomů MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- párování bází genetika MeSH
- rostlinné geny * MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny chemie genetika MeSH
- rýže (rod) genetika MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- sekvenční delece MeSH
- sekvenční seřazení MeSH
- selekce (genetika) MeSH
- Setaria (rostlina) genetika MeSH
- Sorghum genetika MeSH
- terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
- zemědělství * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
