Cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) are the two main non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids with high application potential in drug development. Both substances are redox-active and are intensively investigated for their cytoprotective and antioxidant action in vitro. In this study, we focused on an in vivo safety evaluation and the effect of CBD and CBG on the redox status in rats in a 90-d experiment. The substances were administered orogastrically in a dose of 0.66 mg synthetic CBD or 0.66 mg/1.33 mg CBG/kg/day. CBD produced no changes in the red or white blood count or biochemical blood parameters in comparison to the control. No deviations in the morphology or histology of the gastrointestinal tract and liver were observed. After 90 d of CBD exposure, a significant improvement in redox status was found in the blood plasma and liver. The concentration of malondialdehyde and carbonylated proteins was reduced compared to the control. In contrast to CBD, total oxidative stress was significantly increased and this was accompanied by an elevated level of malondialdehyde and carbonylated proteins in CBG-treated animals. Hepatotoxic (regressive changes) manifestations, disruption in white cell count, and alterations in the ALT activity, level of creatinine and ionized calcium were also found in CBG-treated animals. Based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, CBD/CBG accumulated in rat tissues (in the liver, brain, muscle, heart, kidney and skin) at a low ng level per gram. Both CBD and CBG molecular structures include a resorcinol moiety. In CBG, there is an extra dimethyloctadienyl structural pattern, which is most likely responsible for the disruption to the redox status and hepatic environment. The results are valuable to further investigation of the effects of CBD on redox status and should contribute towards opening up critical discussion on the applicability of other non-psychotropic cannabinoids.
- MeSH
- kanabidiol * toxicita MeSH
- kanabinoidy * toxicita MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- vápník MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Aspergillus fumigatus has been designated by the World Health Organization as a critical priority fungal pathogen. Some commercially available diagnostics for many forms of aspergillosis rely on fungal metabolites. These encompass intracellular molecules, cell wall components, and extracellular secretomes. This review summarizes the shortcomings of antibody tests compared to tests of fungal products in body fluids and highlights the application of β-d-glucan, galactomannan, and pentraxin 3 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. We also discuss the detection of nucleic acids and next-generation sequencing, along with newer studies on Aspergillus metallophores.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Cannabis sativa L. is an herbaceous plant belonging to the family of Cannabaceae. It is classified into three different chemotypes based on the different cannabinoids profile. In particular, fiber-type cannabis (hemp) is rich in cannabidiol (CBD) content. In the present work, a rapid nano liquid chromatographic method (nano-LC) was proposed for the determination of the main cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) inflorescences belonging to different varieties. The nano-LC experiments were carried out in a 100 µm internal diameter capillary column packed with a C18 stationary phase for 15 cm with a mobile phase composed of ACN/H2O/formic acid, 80/19/1% (v/v/v). The reverse-phase nano-LC method allowed the complete separation of four standard cannabinoids in less than 12 min under isocratic elution mode. The nano-LC method coupled to ultraviolet (UV) detection was validated and applied to the quantification of the target analytes in cannabis extracts. The nano-LC system was also coupled to an electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detector to confirm the identity of the cannabinoids present in hemp samples. For the extraction of the cannabinoids, three different approaches, including dynamic maceration (DM), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and an extraction procedure adapted from the French Pharmacopeia's protocol on medicinal plants, were carried out, and the results achieved were compared.
In this contribution, a comprehensive study of the redox transformation, electronic structure, stability and photoprotective properties of phytocannabinoids is presented. The non-psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), and psychotropic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) isomers and iso-THC were included in the study. The results show that under aqueous ambient conditions at pH 7.4, non-psychotropic cannabinoids are slight or moderate electron-donors and they are relatively stable, in the following order: CBD > CBG ≥ CBN > CBC. In contrast, psychotropic Δ9-THC degrades approximately one order of magnitude faster than CBD. The degradation (oxidation) is associated with the transformation of OH groups and changes in the double-bond system of the investigated molecules. The satisfactory stability of cannabinoids is associated with the fact that their OH groups are fully protonated at pH 7.4 (pKa is ≥ 9). The instability of CBN and CBC was accelerated after exposure to UVA radiation, with CBD (or CBG) being stable for up to 24 h. To support their topical applications, an in vitro dermatological comparative study of cytotoxic, phototoxic and UVA or UVB photoprotective effects using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) was done. NHDF are approx. twice as sensitive to the cannabinoids' toxicity as HaCaT. Specifically, toxicity IC50 values for CBD after 24 h of incubation are 7.1 and 12.8 μM for NHDF and HaCaT, respectively. None of the studied cannabinoids were phototoxic. Extensive testing has shown that CBD is the most effective protectant against UVA radiation of the studied cannabinoids. For UVB radiation, CBN was the most effective. The results acquired could be used for further redox biology studies on phytocannabinoids and evaluations of their mechanism of action at the molecular level. Furthermore, the UVA and UVB photoprotectivity of phytocannabinoids could also be utilized in the development of new cannabinoid-based topical preparations.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia * farmakologie MeSH
- kanabidiol * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- tetrahydrokanabinol MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The performances of ionic liquid (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, IL/CPE) and iron phthalocyanine (IP/CPE) modified carbon paste electrodes in electroanalytical determinations of rutin were evaluated and compared to the performance of unmodified carbon paste electrode (CPE). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV), and amperometry were used for rutin analysis. The best current responses of rutin were obtained at pH 4.0 for all tested techniques. IL/CPE electrode was found to perform best with DPAdSV technique, where a detection limit (LOD) as low as 5 nmol L(-1) of rutin was found. On the other hand, IP/CPE showed itself to be an optimum choice for DPV technique, where LOD of 80 nmol L(-1) was obtained. Analytical applicability of newly prepared electrodes was demonstrated on determination of rutin in the model samples and the extracts of buckwheat seeds. To find an optimum method for buckwheat seeds extraction, a boiling water extraction (BWE), Soxhlet extraction (SE), pressurized solvent extraction (PSE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were tested.
- MeSH
- elektrochemie metody MeSH
- elektrody MeSH
- Fagopyrum chemie MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- rutin chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
