This work presents an affordable distance-based microfluidic paper-based device (μPAD), using polydiacetylene (PDA) liposome as a chromogenic substance with a smartphone-based photo editor, for rapid and in-field analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) (e.g., didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), benzyldimethyltetradecyl ammonium chloride (BAC), and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)). In-field analysis of these compounds is important to ensure their antimicrobial activity and user safety since they are widely utilized as disinfectants in households and hospitals. The μPAD featured a thermometer-like shape consisting of a sample reservoir and a microchannel as the detection zone, which was pre-deposited with PDA liposome. The color change from blue to red appeared in the presence of QACs and the color bar lengths were proportional to the QAC concentrations. Reactions of QACs with the PDA required a specific pH range (from pH 4.0 to 10.0) and a readout time of 7 min. Analytical performance characteristics of the device were tested with DDAC, BAC, and CPC showing acceptable specificity, accuracy (96.1-109.4%), and precision (%RSDs ≤ 9.3%). Limits of detection and quantitation were in the ranges of 20 to 80 and 70 to 250 μM, respectively. Feasibility of the newly developed device was demonstrated for in-field analysis of QACs in fumigation solution providing comparable results with those obtained from a colorimetric assay (P > 0.05). The proposed device shows potentials for further applications of other analytes since it offers speed, simplicity, and affordability for in-field analysis, especially in remote areas where expertise, resources, and infrastructures are limited. Graphical abstract.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug with a narrow therapeutic index, which requires an efficient method for blood level monitoring. Finger-prick dried blood spot (DBS) collection is an alternative microsampling technique, which is less invasive than conventional venipuncture. Paper-based molecularly imprinted-interpenetrating polymer networks (MI-IPN) were developed as blood collection devices, which allowed for selective on-spot microextraction of carbamazepine from DBS. A hybrid of homogeneous polystyrene and silica gel polymer was synthesized and coated on a Whatman® Grade 1 filter paper. Proteins and other interferences in the blood samples were eliminated by using the MI-IPN collection devices, and the resulting DBS extracts were suitable for direct injection into the capillary electrophoretic instrument. The lower limit of quantitation of 4 μg/mL in capillary blood was achieved by the sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography method using a KCl-containing matrix, which was sufficient for the therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. Method accuracies were in the range of 88.4 ± 4.5% to 94.5 ± 2.7% with RSD values ≤ 5.1%. The developed paper-based MI-IPN provided superior extraction efficiencies (92.2 ± 2.5%) in comparison with commercially available DBS collection cards, i.e., Whatman® 903 protein saver card (59.8 ± 2.8%) and GenCollect™ 2.0 card (47.2 ± 1.4%). The paper-based MI-IPN devices for DBS collection and on-spot extraction were characterized by simple fabrication, low costs, disposability, and reduction in sample preparation steps, and their further developments might open new perspectives in clinical applications, such as in therapeutic drug monitoring. Graphical abstract.
- MeSH
- antikonvulziva krev izolace a purifikace MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární metody MeSH
- karbamazepin krev izolace a purifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroextrakce na pevné fázi metody MeSH
- molekulárně imprintované polymery chemie MeSH
- monitorování léčiv MeSH
- odběr vzorku krve metody MeSH
- papír MeSH
- tandemová hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- test suché kapky krve metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
