This article reports on four experiments aiming to examine immediate post-sentential recall of core sentence information (conveyed by direct objects), and optional/additional information (conveyed by temporal or locative adjuncts). Participants read simple and unambiguous Czech sentences such as Starší důchodce velmi pečlivě pročetl noviny v neděli v knihovně: "An older retiree read the newspaper very carefully on Sunday in the library." Sentences always appeared as a whole after pressing a space bar. Immediately after the sentence disappeared, an open-ended (free response) question was presented targeting either the direct object (e.g., newspaper), temporal adjunct (e.g., on Sunday), or locative adjunct (e.g., in the library). Altogether, it was found that the core information (conveyed by the direct object) was recalled almost perfectly, whereas additional information, conveyed by temporal and locative adjuncts, was recalled with significantly lower accuracy rates. Information structure also played a role: if the temporal or locative adjunct was focused, it was recalled better than if it was unfocused. The present article thus shows systematic differences in recall success for different pieces of information. These findings suggest the presence of selective attention mechanisms during early stages of sentence processing. Factors such as syntactic function or information structure influence the degree of attention to different pieces of information conveyed by a sentence. In turn, certain pieces of information may not be consciously accessible already after the sentence is processed.
- MeSH
- čtení MeSH
- jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
- krátkodobá paměť fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pochopení fyziologie MeSH
- rozpomínání * fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Various studies within the Good-Enough Approach observe that people often make errors in answering comprehension questions after reading garden-path sentences such as While Anna dressed the baby played in the crib. Recently, it has been claimed that readers form a full syntactic analysis of these sentences, but they do not completely prune the original misanalysis. This article presents evidence that these findings do not hold for all garden-path sentences. The main finding of the Good-Enough Approach-that the comprehension questions targeting the initial misanalysis yield significantly higher rates of incorrect answers after garden-path sentences, in comparison with after control sentences-was replicated here in three self-paced reading experiments on Czech. However, these experiments show a similar pattern of results for other comprehension questions, such as questions targeting an analysis that is not syntactically licensed at any point of processing. These results point out that certain garden-path structures may be very hard to process and that the process of garden-path repair might not be successful at all. Based on these results and the results of previous studies, the idea of a range of difficulty levels for garden-path structures is proposed.
- MeSH
- čtení MeSH
- jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pochopení * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The aim of the article is to examine the stability of grapheme-colour matchings in adulthood. We carried out a panel study using computerized tests to measure short-term and long-term consistency. We conducted three testing rounds during 1 year and a half with a resulting sample of 26 synaesthetes. Our results suggest that the colours associated with individual graphemes can change substantially (e.g. from "salmon" to "aquamarine") even during this relatively short time period. Based on a linear mixed model, we further argue that short-term and long-term consistency should be distinguished because these scores tend to differ. These results thus complement previous findings on the issue of grapheme-colour consistency and have important consequences for the study of synaesthesia in the future.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární modely MeSH
- percepční poruchy psychologie MeSH
- synestezie MeSH
- vnímání barev fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Článek představuje problematiku synestézie jako percepčního fenoménu. V první části jsou popsány základní projevy a specifika synestézie (automatičnost, konstantost, idiosynkratičnost). V druhé části se článek věnuje otázce vzniku synestézie a s tím souvisejících teorií vývoje lidské percepce („neonatal synaesthesia“, „cross-modal-transfer“, „interactive specialization approach“). Třetí část je zaměřena na problematiku tzv. „jazykových synestézií“, tedy synestézií, kde je v roli spouštěče jazyková jednotka (písmeno, slovo, číslice), a ukazuje, jak může výzkum synestézie souviset s (psycho) lingvistickým bádáním. V poslední části textu je představen aktuální kanadsko-český projekt a jeho základní hypotézy.
