Cieľ: Cieľom tejto štúdie bolo analyzovať rizikové faktory, ktoré sa odlišujú u novorodencov s nízkou pôrodnou hmotnosťou vzhľadom na gestačný vek (SGA – small for gestational age) a novorodencov s primeranou pôrodnou hmotnosťou vzhľadom na gestačný vek (AGA – appropriate for gestational age). Materiály a metódy: Retrospektívno-prospektívna kohortová štúdia bola realizovaná v rokoch 2019–2024 na II. gynekologicko-pôrodníckej klinike Univerzitnej nemocnice Bratislava. Do štúdie bolo zahrnutých 174 donosených novorodencov z jednoplodových tehotenstiev, z toho 125 novorodencov s nízkou pôrodnou hmotnosťou (SGA) a 49 novorodencov s primeranou pôrodnou hmotnosťou (AGA). Analyzované boli rôzne materské, fetálne a placentárne rizikové faktory, s osobitným zameraním na kongenitálnu cytomegalovírusovú infekciu (cCMV). Výsledky: Pôrodná hmotnosť novorodencov sa pohybovala v rozmedzí od 1 480 do 4 470 gramov. Z hodnotených rizikových faktorov bola významne asociovaná s AGA materská infekcia covidom-19 počas tehotenstva (p = 0,009). Nebola zistená štatisticky významná súvislosť medzi bežnými rizikovými faktormi (napr. hypertenzia, diabetes mellitus) a rastovou reštrikciou plodu. Kongenitálna CMV infekcia nebola významne spojená s SGA. Analýza pomocou logistickej regresie potvrdila asociáciu infekcie covidom-19 s pôrodnou hmotnosťou, zatiaľ čo pri CMV nebol pozorovaný žiadny významný vplyv. Záver: Materská infekcia covidom-19 bola asociovaná s primeranou pôrodnou hmotnosťou vzhľadom na gestačný vek, pravdepodobne v dôsledku zvýšeného lekárskeho dohľadu a imunitnej odpovede. Interpretácia týchto výsledkov je však obmedzená malou veľkosťou súboru, a preto je potrebný ďalší výskum na pochopenie vplyvu covidu-19 na tehotenstvo. V tejto kohorte nebola zistená významná súvislosť medzi kongenitálnou CMV infekciou a rastovou reštrikciou plodu, pravdepodobne v dôsledku nízkej prevalencie cCMV. Dokumentované rizikové faktory intrauterinná rastove reštrikcie, vrátane hypertenzie a diabetes mellitus, neboli v študovanej populácii štatisticky významné.
Objective: This study aimed to analyse the risk factors differentiating small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates. Materials and methods: A retrospective-prospective cohort study was conducted from 2019 to 2024 at the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Bratislava. The study involved 174 term neonates from singleton pregnancies, including 125 SGA and 49 AGA infants. Various maternal, foetal, and placental risk factors were analysed, with a particular focus on congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV). Results: Neonates’ birth weights ranged from 1,480 to 4,470 grams. Of the risk factors assessed, only maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy was significantly associated with AGA outcomes (P = 0.009). No significant associations were found between common risk factors (e. g. hypertension, diabetes mellitus) and foetal growth restriction. Congenital CMV infection was not significantly associated with SGA. Logistic regression analysis confirmed the association of COVID-19 infection with foetal weight, while no significant effect was observed for CMV. Conclusion: Maternal COVID-19 infection was associated with AGA outcomes, potentially due to enhanced medical surveillance and immune responses. However, the study’s small sample size limits the interpretation of these findings, and further research is required to fully understand the impacts of COVID-19 on pregnancy. No significant association between congenital CMV infection and foetal growth restriction was found in this cohort, which was most likely due to the low prevalence of cCMV. Moreover, documented risk factors for foetal growth restriction, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus, were not statistically significant in our study population.
DNA vaccines showed great promise in preclinical models of infectious and malignant diseases, but their potency was insufficient in clinical trials and is needed to be improved. In this study, we tested systemic administration of two conventional adjuvants, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide carrying immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) and levamisole (LMS), and evaluated their effect on immune reactions induced by DNA vaccines delivered by a gene gun. DNA vaccination was directed either against the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 or against the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein characteristic for chronic myeloid leukemia. High doses of both adjuvants reduced activation of mouse splenic CD8(+) T lymphocytes, but the overall antitumor effect was enhanced in both tumor models. High-dose CpG-ODN exhibited a superior adjuvant effect in comparison with any combination of CpG-ODN with LMS. In summary, our results demonstrate the benefit of combined therapy with gene-gun-delivered antitumor DNA vaccines and systemic administration of CpG-ODN or LMS.
- MeSH
- Adjuvants, Immunologic administration & dosage MeSH
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl genetics immunology metabolism MeSH
- Biolistics MeSH
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes drug effects metabolism pathology MeSH
- Vaccines, DNA MeSH
- Neoplasms, Experimental immunology pathology therapy MeSH
- Immunity drug effects MeSH
- Levamisole administration & dosage MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Disease Models, Animal MeSH
- Mice, Inbred BALB C MeSH
- Mice, Inbred C57BL MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Cell Line, Tumor MeSH
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides administration & dosage MeSH
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins genetics immunology metabolism MeSH
- Cancer Vaccines MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Mice MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
