Oribatid mites are important decomposers of dead organic matter in soils across the world. Their origin dates back at least 380 Mya. Multiple severe climatic changes during Late Pliocene and Pleistocene shaped the migration patterns of these organisms and should be reflected in the genetic variability of their current populations. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure as well as the evolutionary history of populations of two ecologically different oribatid mite species. Pantelozetes cavaticus is a troglophile oribatid mite known mainly from Central European caves, whereas Pantelozetes paolii is a common surface eurytopic species with Holarctic distribution. We used two molecular markers-mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear D3 region of the 28S rDNA gene-to reveal phylogenetic relationships between contemporary populations. Whereas the D3 region showed minimal or no variability within populations, COI appeared to be a relevant marker for population studies. Phylogeographic analysis based on COI detected two lineages of P. cavaticus ('Czech' and 'Slovak'), which separated during the Late Pliocene (2.9 Mya) and revealed the existence of one new species. In contrast, three identified genetic lineages of P. paolii (radiation time 2.9 and 1.2 Mya, respectively) uncovered in this study were found to coexist in the distant sampling localities, suggesting a connection between populations even over long distances.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH
• roztoči * genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

An integrative approach employing molecular, morphological and geographical data were applied to species delimitation among Deuteraphorura congeners occupying caves of the Western Carpathian Mts. A new species of Deuteraphorura from the Western Carpathians is described. D. muranensis sp. nov. belongs among species with 4 pso at the hind margin of the head and possesses highly troglomorphic features. It is conspicuous with its distinctly elongated claws and long, hair-like body chaetae. The status of the new species was confirmed by DNA barcoding based on the mitochondrial COI marker. Populations of D. kratochvili (Nosek, 1963), the most widespread species, were studied in detail. Both ABGD and PTP analyses brought results congruent with geography, i.e. the molecular and geographic distance of the populations were positively correlated. However, some molecular separation based on pairwise distance and the number of substitutions was indicated within two of the studied populations. Despite the indistinct morphological differences, the tested populations were well isolated both geographically and genetically, which indicates that each studied population may represent a cryptic species. The troglomorphy of cave Collembola at the northernmost border of the distribution of cave-adapted species in the Europe is discussed. It is clear that the level of troglomorphy is closely associated with conditions of the microhabitat occupied by the individual subterranean species. The results of our study enhance the importance of the Western Carpathians regarding the diversity pattern of obligate cave species in Europe.

• MeSH
• členovci anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace MeSH
• jeskyně * MeSH
• respirační komplex IV genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

Several methods of DNA extraction, coupled with 'DNA barcoding' species identification, were compared using specimens from early developmental stages of forensically important flies from the Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae families. DNA was extracted at three immature stages - eggs, the first instar larvae, and empty pupal cases (puparia) - using four different extraction methods, namely, one simple 'homemade' extraction buffer protocol and three commercial kits. The extraction conditions, including the amount of proteinase K and incubation times, were optimized. The simple extraction buffer method was successful for half of the eggs and for the first instar larval samples. The DNA Lego Kit and DEP-25 DNA Extraction Kit were useful for DNA extractions from the first instar larvae samples, and the DNA Lego Kit was also successful regarding the extraction from eggs. The QIAamp DNA mini kit was the most effective; the extraction was successful with regard to all sample types - eggs, larvae, and pupari.

• MeSH
• Diptera klasifikace   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• DNA izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny genetika   MeSH
• reagenční diagnostické soupravy MeSH
• respirační komplex IV genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• soudní genetika metody   MeSH
• taxonomické DNA čárové kódování metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The new species Epeorus (Caucasiron) bicolliculatus sp. nov. is described based on larvae and adults. Diagnostic characters are given with regard to the related species. The most pronounced difference is represented by protuberances on larval abdominal terga II-IX, present exclusively in E. (C.) bicolliculatus sp. nov. Primary data on the biology and distribution of the new species are also provided. Delimitation of the new species is verified by the analysis of COI (barcode) sequences. Barcode data for all Caucasian species of the subgenus Caucasiron are provided for the first time and compared with E. (C.) bicolliculatus sp. nov.

• MeSH
• anatomické struktury zvířat MeSH
• Ephemeroptera * MeSH
• hmyz MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Gruzie MeSH
• Turecko MeSH

Hungarosoma bokori Verhoeff, 1928 is a millipede species which was originally classified solely on the basis of a female specimen. Subsequently, a long history of field searching for and surmising about the systematic position of this small, enigmatic species followed. In April 2013, 85 years after its first description, a series of nine specimens were sampled in the type locality, the Abaliget Cave, in southern Hungary. An adult male was collected for the first time, along with females and juveniles. Descriptions of the gonopods and the female vulvae, both important for considerations of the systematic position of the species, are presented for the first time. Revision and re-designation of the type material was made.The cryptic life of the species is connected with its activity in winter, and its known fragmented distribution corresponds with its presence in undisturbed microhabitats having a specific microclimate, often in the soil at cave entrances.Molecular methods showed a positive detection of the intracellular prokaryotic parasite Wolbachia in H. bokori, reflecting its highly probable parthenogenetic character in the main part of its known area of occurrence. This is the first demonstration of Wolbachia in a millipede.The legitimacy of the family Hungarosomatidae Ceuca, 1974, as a separate taxon was analysed using morphological and molecular approaches. Results of both methods confirmed the existence of a distinct phyletic line. DNA barcoding has shown its closest position to Attemsiidae Verhoeff, 1899, or Neoatractosomatidae Verhoeff, 1901. Based on records from Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia, the residual circum-pannonic distribution that the whole genus (family) probably represents is proposed.

• MeSH
• členovci anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• jeskyně MeSH
• partenogeneze MeSH
• taxonomické DNA čárové kódování MeSH
• Wolbachia genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Maďarsko MeSH

Establishing translocated populations is a common process to preserve and maintain genetic diversity of threatened species. In 2001, three translocated populations of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) were established in the Czech Republic, founded by either adult or juvenile individuals from three particular source populations. We assessed genetic diversity at seven microsatellite loci after one decade (assumed three generations) from establishment. Although the translocated populations exhibited a slight but non-significant reduction in genetic diversity (A R = 2.2-5.0; H O = 0.11-0.31), the most striking result was generally very low genetic diversity in source populations (A R = 3.0-5.3; H O = 0.15-0.38). Similarly, a high degree of inbreeding (F IS = 0.36-0.60) demonstrates the nature of source populations, already affected by isolation and small size. In spite of that, based on the results of this study, the establishment of new translocated noble crayfish populations was successful, since there is no significant decline in genetic variability and all populations are still viable. Although source populations did not exhibit high genetic diversity, their distinctiveness makes them possible to use for conservation purposes. Continued monitoring is necessary to track the long-term progress of the translocation program, including other parameters describing the state of the population, such as the occurrence and frequency of diseases or morphological changes.

• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• efekt zakladatele * MeSH
• genetická variace * MeSH
• hustota populace MeSH
• inbreeding MeSH
• mikrosatelitní repetice MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• severní raci genetika   MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Satellite DNA (satDNA) is a non-coding component of eukaryotic genomes, located mainly in heterochromatic regions. Relevance of satDNA began to emerge with accumulating evidence of its potential yet hardly comprehensible role that it can play in the genome of many organisms. We isolated the first satDNA of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella, Tortricidae, Lepidoptera), a species with holokinetic chromosomes and a single large heterochromatic element, the W chromosome in females. The satDNA, called CpSAT-1, is located on all chromosomes of the complement, although in different amounts. Surprisingly, the satellite is almost missing in the heterochromatic W chromosome. Additionally, we isolated mRNA from all developmental stages (1st-5th instar larva, pupa, adult), both sexes (adult male and female) and several tissues (Malpighian tubules, gut, heart, testes, and ovaries) of the codling moth and showed the CpSAT-1 sequence was transcribed in all tested samples. Using CpSAT-1 specific primers we amplified, cloned and sequenced 40 monomers from cDNA and gDNA, respectively. The sequence analysis revealed a high mutation rate and the presence of potentially functional motifs, mainly in non-conserved regions of the monomers. Both the chromosomal distribution and the sequence analysis suggest that CPSAT-1 has no function in the C. pomonella genome.

• MeSH
• chromozomy hmyzu MeSH
• genetická transkripce * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• hmyzí geny * MeSH
• hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
• komplementární DNA genetika   MeSH
• můry klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• satelitní DNA * MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the facultative entomopathogenic nematode Oscheius chongmingensis. The mitogenome length was 15,413 bp and similar to other Rhabditids contains genes for 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and 12 proteins (ATPase subunit 8 is missing). Predicted tRNAs indicated the secondary structure typical for chromadorean nematodes. Gene order is similar to that observed in the genus Caenorhabditis. The control AT-rich region is considerably large (2061 bp, 84% of AT), positioned in between tRNA(Ala) and tRNA(Pro) and has several microsatellite-like (AT)n elements.

• MeSH
• délka genomu MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom mitochondriální * MeSH
• mitochondriální geny MeSH
• oblasti bohaté na AT MeSH
• otevřené čtecí rámce MeSH
• regulační oblasti nukleových kyselin MeSH
• Rhabditida klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
• zastoupení bazí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Ips typographus (L.), the eight-spined spruce bark beetle, causes severe damage throughout Eurasian spruce forests and suitable nuclear markers are needed in order to study its population structure on a genetic level. Two closely related genes encoding α-amylase in I. typographus were characterized and named AmyA and AmyB. Both α-amylase paralogs consisted of six exons and five introns. AmyA encodes a polypeptide of 483 amino acids, whereas AmyB has two alternative transcripts encoding polypeptides of 483 and 370 amino acids. The expression levels of both genes were high during larval stage and adulthood. The AmyB transcripts were absent in the pupal stage. A modification of the allozyme staining method allowed us to detect two clusters of bands on the electrophoretic gel that may correspond to the two α-amylase genes. There was a correlation between the lack of AmyB expression in pupa and the absence of the fast migrating isozyme cluster at this stage, suggesting that the faster migrating isoforms are products of the AmyB gene, whereas the slowly migrating bands are derived from the AmyA.

• MeSH
• alfa-amylasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• brouci enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• ektroforéza na škrobovém gelu MeSH
• elektroforéza v polyakrylamidovém gelu MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• izoenzymy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• klonování DNA MeSH
• messenger RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční homologie aminokyselin MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH