BACKGROUND: Modafinil is primarily used to treat narcolepsy but is also used as an off-label cognitive enhancer. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies indicate that modafinil modulates the connectivity of neocortical networks primarily involved in attention and executive functions. However, much less is known about the drug's effects on subcortical structures. Following preliminary findings, we evaluated modafinil's activity on the connectivity of distinct cerebellar regions with the neocortex. We assessed the spatial relationship of these effects with the expression of neurotransmitter receptors/transporters. METHODS: Patterns of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity were estimated in 50 participants from scans acquired pre- and postadministration of a single (100 mg) dose of modafinil (n = 25) or placebo (n = 25). Using specific cerebellar regions as seeds for voxelwise analyses, we examined modafinil's modulation of cerebellar-neocortical connectivity. Next, we conducted a quantitative evaluation of the spatial overlap between the modulation of cerebellar-neocortical connectivity and the expression of neurotransmitter receptors/transporters obtained by publicly available databases. RESULTS: Modafinil increased the connectivity of crus I and vermis IX with prefrontal regions. Crus I connectivity changes were associated with the expression of dopaminergic D2 receptors. The vermis I-II showed enhanced coupling with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and matched the expression of histaminergic H3 receptors. The vermis VII-VIII displayed increased connectivity with the visual cortex, an activity associated with dopaminergic and histaminergic neurotransmission. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals modafinil's modulatory effects on cerebellar-neocortical connectivity. The modulation mainly involves crus I and the vermis and spatially overlaps the distribution of dopaminergic and histaminergic receptors.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• modafinil * farmakologie   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• mozeček * účinky léků   diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• neokortex účinky léků   metabolismus   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• nervové dráhy účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• stimulancia farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

A single dose of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist psilocybin can have long-lasting beneficial effects on mood, personality, and potentially on mindfulness, but underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we for the first time conduct a study that assesses psilocybin effects on cerebral 5-HT2AR binding with [11C]Cimbi-36 positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and on personality and mindfulness. Ten healthy and psychedelic-naïve volunteers underwent PET neuroimaging of 5-HT2AR at baseline (BL) and one week (1W) after a single oral dose of psilocybin (0.2-0.3 mg/kg). Personality (NEO PI-R) and mindfulness (MAAS) questionnaires were completed at BL and at three-months follow-up (3M). Paired t-tests revealed statistically significant increases in personality Openness (puncorrected = 0.04, mean change [95%CI]: 4.2[0.4;∞]), which was hypothesized a priori to increase, and mindfulness (pFWER = 0.02, mean change [95%CI]: 0.5 [0.2;0.7]). Although 5-HT2AR binding at 1W versus BL was similar across individuals (puncorrected = 0.8, mean change [95%CI]: 0.007 [-0.04;0.06]), a post hoc linear regression analysis showed that change in mindfulness and 5-HT2AR correlated negatively (β [95%CI] = -5.0 [-9.0; -0.9], pFWER= 0.046). In conclusion, we confirm that psilocybin intake is associated with long-term increases in Openness and - as a novel finding - mindfulness, which may be a key element of psilocybin therapy. Cerebral 5-HT2AR binding did not change across individuals but the negative association between changes in 5-HT2AR binding and mindfulness suggests that individual change in 5-HT2AR levels after psilocybin is variable and represents a potential mechanism influencing long-term effects of psilocybin on mindfulness.

• MeSH
• benzylaminy MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenethylaminy MeSH
• halucinogeny aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neokortex diagnostické zobrazování   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• osobnost účinky léků   MeSH
• osobnostní testy MeSH
• pozitronová emisní tomografie MeSH
• psilocybin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• receptor serotoninový 5-HT2A účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• všímavost * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess clinical and electrophysiological differences within a group of patients with magnetic-resonance-imaging-negative temporal lobe epilepsy (MRI-negative TLE) according to seizure onset zone (SOZ) localization in invasive EEG (IEEG). METHODS: According to SOZ localization in IEEG, 20 patients with MRI-negative TLE were divided into either having mesial SOZ-mesial MRI-negative TLE or neocortical SOZ-neocortical MRI-negative TLE. We evaluated for differences between these groups in demographic data, localization of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), and the ictal onset pattern in semiinvasive EEG and in ictal semiology. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 20 patients (65%) had mesial MRI-negative TLE and 7 of the 20 patients (35%) had neocortical MRI-negative TLE. The differences between mesial MRI-negative TLE and neocortical MRI-negative TLE were identified in the distribution of IEDs and in the ictal onset pattern in semiinvasive EEG. The patients with neocortical MRI-negative TLE tended to have more IEDs localized outside the anterotemporal region (p=0.031) and more seizures without clear lateralization of ictal activity (p=0.044). No other differences regarding demographic data, seizure semiology, surgical outcome, or histopathological findings were found. CONCLUSIONS: According to the localization of the SOZ, MRI-negative TLE had two subgroups: mesial MRI-negative TLE and neocortical MRI-negative TLE. The groups could be partially distinguished by an analysis of their noninvasive data (distribution of IEDs and lateralization of ictal activity). This differentiation might have an impact on the surgical approach.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• epilepsie temporálního laloku diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• neokortex diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• neurochirurgické výkony MeSH
• pozitronová emisní tomografie MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• radiofarmaka MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• spánkový lalok diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• záchvaty diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

There is a growing body of evidence that stressful events may affect the brain not only as a whole, but also in multiple laterality aspects. The present review is aimed at discussing the effect of stress and stress hormones on structural brain asymmetry. Differences and crossroads of functional and structural asymmetry are briefly mentioned throughout the document. The first part of this review summarizes major findings in the field of structural brain asymmetries in animals and humans from the evolutionary perspective. Additionally, effect of stress on animals is discussed generally. The second part then explores asymmetrical effects of stress on structural changes of principal brain areas - amygdala, hippocampus, neocortex, diencephalon, basal forebrain and basal ganglia from the point of normal lateralization, steroids, trauma and genetic factors. At the end we present hypothesis why stress appears to have asymmetrical effects on lateralized brain structures.

• MeSH
• amygdala diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• bazální ganglia diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• diencefalon diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• funkční lateralita MeSH
• glukokortikoidy metabolismus   MeSH
• hipokampus diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• neokortex diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• pars basalis telencephali diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• posttraumatická stresová porucha diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• psychický stres metabolismus   MeSH
• systém hypofýza - nadledviny metabolismus   MeSH
• systém hypotalamus-hypofýza metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH