C. baileyi Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
A total of 345 faecal samples were collected from domestic, captive and wild birds in rural areas, urban areas and a Zoo in Algeria. Samples were screened for the presence of parasites belonging to the genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1910 by microscopy and PCR analysis of the small-subunit rRNA (SSU), actin and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 31 samples. Sequence analysis of SSU and actin genes revealed the presence of C. baileyi Current, Upton et Haynes, 1986 in domestic chicken broilers (n = 12), captive ostriches (n = 4) and a wild mallard (n = 1), and C. meleagridis Slavin, 1955 in a graylag goose (n = 1), chickens (n = 11) and turkeys (n = 2). Twenty-three chicken and two turkey broilers from five farms were positive for cryptosporidia, with an overall prevalence of 2% and 6%, respectively. Both C. meleagridis and C. baileyi were detected in farmed chicken broilers, with a prevalence ranging from 9% to 69%. Farmed turkeys broilers were positive only for C. meleagridis, with a 13% prevalence at the animal level. Subtyping of C. meleagridis isolates at the gp60 locus showed the presence of subtype IIIgA22G3R1 in graylag goose and chicken broilers and IIIgA23G2R1 in chicken and turkey broilers. Infection with cryptosporidia was not associated with any clinical diseases. The results of the present study, which provides the first data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild birds in Africa, demonstrate the presence of human pathogenic C. meleagridis in both domestic and wild birds in Algeria.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- kryptosporidióza epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- kur domácí parazitologie MeSH
- nemoci drůbeže epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- nemoci ptáků epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- ptáci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Alžírsko MeSH
This paper represents the first report of spontaneous infection with Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium meleagridis in the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), as well as the percentage of positive samples and age-associated dynamics of cryptosporidial infections in an aviary in the Czech Republic. The entire infection process was monitored over two semesters (July-December 2012 and 2013) until release of birds for hunting purposes. Coprological examination of 663 pooled fecal samples and 89 post-mortem examinations of red-legged partridges were carried out. Our results indicated that infections with C. baileyi only occurred in 5-7 week-old birds during 2013 (percentage of positivity, 1%) and those with C. meleagridis in 18-22 week (17%) and 17-21 week-old birds (24%) during 2012 and 2013, respectively. Molecular characterization of isolates of C. baileyi and C. meleagridis heat shock protein 70 and actin genes were analyzed in order to support our coprological results. DNA sequence analysis of the 60kDa glycoprotein gene was used to subtype C. meleagridis. Our findings extend the host range for C. baileyi.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium klasifikace genetika MeSH
- Galliformes parazitologie MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
- kryptosporidióza epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- nemoci drůbeže epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- protozoální proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Cryptosporidium is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that inhabit the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of vertebrates. Research of these parasites is limited by a lack of model hosts. This study aimed to determine the extent to which infection at the embryo stage can enhance the propagation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in chickens. Nine-day-old chicken embryos and one-day-old chickens were experimentally infected with different doses of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Post hatching, all chickens had demonstrable infections, and the infection dose had no effect on the course of infection. Chickens infected as embryos shed oocysts immediately after hatching and shed significantly more oocysts over the course of the infection than chickens infected as one-day-olds. In chickens infected as embryos, C. baileyi was found in all organs except the brain whereas, C. parvum was only found in the gastrointestinal tract and trachea. In chickens infected as one-day-olds, C. baileyi was only found in the gastrointestinal tract and trachea. Chickens infected as embryos with C. baileyi died within 16 days of hatching. All other chickens cleared the infection. Infection of chickens as embryos could be used as an effective and simple model for the propagation of C. baileyi and C. parvum.
From July to November 2012, preliminary coprological examinations were carried out on 85 pooled faecal samples of different aged ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) (hatches from May until July) from an intensive artificial breeding programme in the Czech Republic. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 12 samples (14.1 %) of ages >12 weeks (August-September). These results were supported by findings of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium meleagridis oocysts in intestinal, or cloacal contents, and/or the bursa of Fabricius in 9 from 36 examined dead pheasants (prevalence 25 %). We describe in detail the various age groups of pheasants after hatching and present graphically the overall results of coprological examinations, showing pathways of infection of C. baileyi and C. meleagridis during the full rearing seasons of 2013 and 2014. We found very similar mean proportions of Cryptosporidium-positive samples over the entire 2013 period in pheasantry (173 pooled samples tested, 25 positive, 14.5 %) and 2014 (238 samples tested, 43 positive, 18.1 %). All tests were verified as being Cryptosporidium positive in 9 from 219 (prevalence 4.1 %) and 4 from 168 (prevalence 2.4 %) post-mortem examinations. Significantly, C. baileyi was found more frequently in faeces, with positivities ranging from 11.1 to 100 % (4->16-week-old pheasants). Oocysts of C. meleagridis were detected at ages 6->15 weeks ranging from 7.1 to 100 % in faeces during the rearing seasons. The burdens of C. baileyi (7 of 14 and 10 of 16) and C. meleagridis (5 of 14 and 7 of 16) for each year, in monitored brooder houses, flight pens and spread across all open areas were recorded. Oocysts of C. baileyi and C. meleagridis obtained from this study, and Cryptosporidium galli (obtained in another aviary from 36-week-old pheasants), were sequenced, and we characterized the highly variable 60-kDa glycoprotein gene of C. meleagridis. These results highlight the real risk of transmission of Cryptosporidium to susceptible wild birds and other potential hosts after termination of rearing and release.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium genetika MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- Galliformes * MeSH
- kryptosporidióza epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- nemoci drůbeže epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- oocysty MeSH
- stárnutí MeSH
- střeva parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
Age-related dynamics of protozoan and helminth infections in the red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa, were studied in an intensive breeding aviary in the Czech Republic before releasing birds for hunting purposes. Pooled fecal samples (n = 900) were examined over 3 rearing seasons (2012-2014). A total of 4 protozoan species, Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Eimeria kofoidi, and Eimeria legionensis, and 4 helminths, Capillaria phasianina, Eucoleus perforans, Heterakis gallinarum, and Syngamus trachea, was found. The most common parasite was S. trachea (prevalence 20-26%) in dead birds (n = 99), which represents a high risk for breeders. Co-occurrence of protozoans and helminths indicated similarities in infection dynamics throughout the 3 breeding seasons. Mixed infections of Cryptosporidium baileyi and C. meleagridis with other parasitic species are reported for the first time. Our findings provide new insights into breeding of A. rufa and may help to improve the efficacy of disease control strategies and prevention, especially with the potential for spreading of parasitic infections to wildlife through released birds into open areas.
- MeSH
- Capillaria klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- cizopasní červi klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Cryptosporidium klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Eimeria klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- Galliformes parazitologie MeSH
- helmintózy zvířat epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- hlístice klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- nemoci ptáků epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- protozoální infekce zvířat epidemiologie parazitologie přenos MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Spirurida klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Strongyloidea klasifikace izolace a purifikace MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Cryptosporidiosis is a common parasitic infection in birds that is caused by more than 25 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes. Many of the genotypes that cause avian cryptosporidiosis are poorly characterized. The genetic and biological characteristics of avian genotype III are described here and these data support the establishment of a new species, Cryptosporidium proventriculi. Faecal samples from the orders Passeriformes and Psittaciformes were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium by microscopy and sequencing, and infections were detected in 10 of 98 Passeriformes and in 27 of 402 Psittaciformes. Cryptosporidium baileyi was detected in both orders. Cryptosporidium galli and avian genotype I were found in Passeriformes, and C. avium and C. proventriculi were found in Psittaciformes. Cryptosporidium proventriculi was infectious for cockatiels under experimental conditions, with a prepatent period of six days post-infection (DPI), but not for budgerigars, chickens or SCID mice. Experimentally infected cockatiels shed oocysts more than 30 DPI, with an infection intensity ranging from 4,000 to 60,000 oocysts per gram (OPG). Naturally infected cockatiels shed oocysts with an infection intensity ranging from 2,000 to 30,000 OPG. Cryptosporidium proventriculi infects the proventriculus and ventriculus, and oocysts measure 7.4 × 5.8 μm. None of the birds infected C. proventriculi developed clinical signs.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium fyziologie MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- Psittaciformes parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Avian cryptosporidiosis is a common parasitic disease that is caused by five species, which are well characterised at the molecular and biological level, and more than 18 genotypes for which we have limited information. In this study, we determined the occurrence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in farmed ostriches in the Czech Republic. METHODS: The occurrence and genetic identity of Cryptosporidium spp. were analysed by microscopy and PCR/sequencing of the small subunit rRNA, actin, HSP70 and gp60 genes. Cryptosporidium avian genotype II was examined from naturally and experimentally infected hosts and measured using differential interference contrast. The localisation of the life-cycle stages was studied by electron microscopy and histologically. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II for cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus (Kerr)), chickens (Gallus gallus f. domestica (L.)), geese (Anser anser f. domestica (L.)), SCID and BALB/c mice (Mus musculus L.) was verified. RESULTS: A total of 204 individual faecal samples were examined for Cryptosporidium spp. using differential staining and PCR/sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rRNA, actin, HSP70 and gp60 gene sequences showed the presence of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II (n = 7) and C. ubiquitum Fayer, Santín & Macarisin, 2010 IXa (n = 5). Only ostriches infected with Cryptosporidium avian genotype II shed oocysts that were detectable by microscopy. Oocysts were purified from a pooled sample of four birds, characterised morphometrically and used in experimental infections to determine biological characteristics. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II measure on average 6.13 × 5.15 μm, and are indistinguishable by size from C. baileyi Current, Upton & Haynes, 1986 and C. avium Holubová, Sak, Horčičková, Hlásková, Květoňová, Menchaca, McEvoy & Kváč, 2016. Cryptosporidium avian genotype II was experimentally infectious for geese, chickens and cockatiels, with a prepatent period of four, seven and eight days post-infection, respectively. The infection intensity ranged from 1000 to 16,000 oocysts per gram. None of the naturally or experimentally infected birds developed clinical signs in the present study. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular and biological characteristics of Cryptosporidium avian genotype II, described here, support the establishment of a new species, Cryptosporidium ornithophilus n. sp.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium klasifikace genetika ultrastruktura MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata parazitologie MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- klasifikace MeSH
- kryptosporidióza parazitologie MeSH
- nemoci ptáků parazitologie MeSH
- protozoální geny genetika MeSH
- ptáci parazitologie MeSH
- stadia vývoje MeSH
- Struthioniformes parazitologie MeSH
- taxonomické DNA čárové kódování veterinární MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
