Myxobolus allami sp. n. is described from the intestinal wall of the silvery black porgy, Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes), off Saudi Arabian coast of Arabian Gulf. Two of 20 examined fish were found to be infected with irregular-shaped plasmodia 3-8 mm long × 2-3 mm wide. Mature myxospores are subspherical to elliptical in the valvular view and oval in the sutural view, and are 11-13 (12) μm long, 7-8 (7.5) μm wide and 10-12 (10.8) μm thick. Spores have relatively thin valves and mostly (~ 72%) end with short caudal appendages of ~3 μm long. The spores also have two polar capsules, which are oval to elliptical and measure 5-7 (5.7) μm in length and 2-3 (2.7) μm in width. Polar filaments are coiled, with three turns. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that caudal appendages originated from the sutural edge at the posterior pole of the myxospore with density similar to that of its valves. The SSU rRNAgene sequence of the present species does not match any available sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetically, this species is sister to Myxobolus khaliji Zhang, Al-Qurausihy et Abdel-Baki, 2014 within a well-supported clade of Myxobolus-Henneguya with species infecting marine fishes. The combination of molecular data and morphological differences between this and other species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 lead us to propose that the present form be established as a new species, M. allami. The present study also provides more evidence for the idea that caudal appendages cannot be reliably used to distinguish the species of the genera Myxobolus and Henneguya Thélohan, 1892.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita * MeSH
• Myxobolus anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• nemoci ryb parazitologie   MeSH
• parazitární nemoci u zvířat parazitologie   MeSH
• Perciformes * MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Saudská Arábie MeSH

Human gut is in permanent contact with microorganisms that play an important role in many physiological processes including metabolism and immunologic activity. These microorganisms communicate and manage themself by the quorum sensing system (QS) that helps to coordinate optimal growth and subsistence by activating signaling pathways that regulate bacterial gene expression. Diverse QS molecules produced by pathogenic as well as resident microbiota have been found throughout the human gut. However, even a host can by affected by these molecules. Intestinal and immune cells possess a range of molecular targets for QS. Our present knowledge on bacteria-cell communication encompasses G-protein-coupled receptors, nuclear receptors and receptors for bacterial cell-wall components. The QS of commensal bacteria has been approved as a protective factor with favourable effects on intestinal homeostasis and immunity. Signaling molecules of QS interacting with above-mentioned receptors thus parcipitate on maintaining of barrier functions, control of inflammation processes and increase of resistance to pathogen colonization in host organisms. Pathogens QS molecules can have a dual function. Host cells are able to detect the ongoing infection by monitoring the presence and changes in concentrations of QS molecules. Such information can help to set the most effective immune defence to prevent or overcome the infection. Contrary, pathogens QS signals can target the host receptors to deceive the immune system to get the best conditions for growth. However, our knowledge about communication mediated by QS is still limited and detailed understanding of molecular mechanisms of QS signaling is desired.

• MeSH
• Bacteria metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• quorum sensing * MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Helminth infections are among the World Health Organization's top neglected diseases with significant impact in many Less Economically Developed Countries. Despite no longer being endemic in Europe, the widespread presence of helminth eggs in archaeological deposits indicates that helminths represented a considerable burden in past European populations. Prevalence of infection is a key epidemiological feature that would influence the elimination of endemic intestinal helminths, for example, low prevalence rates may have made it easier to eliminate these infections in Europe without the use of modern anthelminthic drugs. To determine historical prevalence rates we analysed 589 grave samples from 7 European sites dated between 680 and 1700 CE, identifying two soil transmitted nematodes (Ascaris spp. and Trichuris trichiura) at all locations, and two food derived cestodes (Diphyllobothrium latum and Taenia spp.) at 4 sites. The rates of nematode infection in the medieval populations (1.5 to 25.6% for T. trichiura; 9.3-42.9% for Ascaris spp.) were comparable to those reported within modern endemically infected populations. There was some evidence of higher levels of nematode infection in younger individuals but not at all sites. The genetic diversity of T. trichiura ITS-1 in single graves was variable but much lower than with communal medieval latrine deposits. The prevalence of food derived cestodes was much lower (1.0-9.9%) than the prevalence of nematodes. Interestingly, sites that contained Taenia spp. eggs also contained D. latum which may reflect local culinary practices. These data demonstrate the importance of helminth infections in Medieval Europe and provide a baseline for studies on the epidemiology of infection in historical and modern contexts. Since the prevalence of medieval STH infections mirror those in modern endemic countries the factors affecting STH decline in Europe may also inform modern intervention campaigns.

• MeSH
• anthelmintika terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Ascaris MeSH
• askarióza epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• cizopasní červi genetika   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• helmintóza farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• hlístice MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• opomíjené nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• půda parazitologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   MeSH
• toalety MeSH
• trichurióza epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• Trichuris MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Using a combination of morphological and molecular data, we describe a new apicomplexan parasite, Isospora svecica sp. n., from the white-spotted bluethroat, Luscinia svecica cyanecula, from the Czech Republic. Oocysts were found in its intestinal tract. Sporulation was exogenous and took 1-3 days. The oocysts were slightly ellipsoidal, of average size 26.17 × 20.33 μm, with a smooth bilayered wall. Micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granules were absent. Sporocysts were bottle-shaped, of an average size of 18.82 × 8.82 μm, with a thin, colourless wall. A conspicuous knob-like Stieda body was present. Substieda body was barely visible. Sporocyst residuum was present in the form of granules of various sizes. Sporozoites were banana-shaped and contained large anterior and small posterior refractile bodies. Partial DNA sequences of three genes were obtained from oocysts of Isospora svecica sp. n., being most closely related to other isosporans described from passerines. Little is known about the parasites of the avian family Muscicapidae, including coccidia, a highly prevalent parasitic protist group in all vertebrate classes. Only six species of the genus Isospora have so far been described in Muscicapidae, together with several "Isospora sp." that in fact most likely represent Isospora lacazei. The newly described Isospora svecica sp. n. differs morphologically from other coccidia reported from muscicapid birds, and represents the first coccidian species described from Luscinia svecica.

• MeSH
• Isospora klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• izosporóza parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• oocysty klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Passeriformes parazitologie   MeSH
• protozoální geny genetika   MeSH
• sporozoiti klasifikace   cytologie   genetika   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Here we described a new trypanosomatid species, Phytomonas lipae, parasitizing the dock bug Coreus marginatus based on axenic culture and in vivo material. Using light and electron microscopy we characterized the development of this flagellate in the intestine, hemolymph and salivary glands of its insect host. The intestinal promastigotes of Phytomonas lipae do not divide and occur only in the anterior part of the midgut. From there they pass into hemolymph, increasing in size, and then to salivary glands, where they actively proliferate without attachment to the host's epithelium and form infective endomastigotes. We conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 18s rRNA, gGAPDH and HSP83 gene sequences, of which the third marker performed the best in terms of resolving phylogenetic relationships within the genus Phytomonas. Our inference demonstrated rather early origin of the lineage comprising the new species, right after that of P. oxycareni, which represents the earliest known branch within the Phytomonas clade. This allowed us to compare the development of P. lipae and three other Phytomonas spp. in their insect hosts and reconstruct the vectorial part of the life cycle of their common ancestor.

• MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Heteroptera parazitologie   MeSH
• Kinetoplastida MeSH
• pravděpodobnostní funkce MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku genetika   MeSH
• protozoální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 18S genetika   MeSH
• slinné žlázy parazitologie   MeSH
• stadia vývoje * MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   MeSH
• Trypanosomatina klasifikace   genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Based on light and scanning electron microscopical studies, a new nematode parasite, Capillaria appendigera n. sp. (Capillariidae), is described from the intestine of the goldbanded jobfish Pristipomoides multidens (Day) (Perciformes, Lutjanidae) from the Arafura Sea West, off the northern coast of Australia. The new species, belonging to the subgenus Procapillaria Moravec, 1987, differs from other congeneric species from fishes mainly in the length (0.92-1.13 mm), shape and structure of the spicule, obtuse spines on the spicule sheath and the structure of eggs. It is characterised, in the male, by the presence of two well-developed dorsolateral caudal lobes, a pair of lateral papillae, a heavily sclerotised spicule with many rough transverse grooves covering almost the entice spicule surface (except for spicule ends), a spinose spicule sheath, and in the female, by a subterminal anus, mostly the presence of a large vulval appendage and by eggs (size 54-69 × 27-33 µm) encapsulated by a conspicuous light-coloured superficial layer. Capillaria appendigera n. sp. is the 12th nominal species of capillariids recorded from fishes in Australian waters and the second known capillariid species parasitising fishes of the perciform family Lutjanidae. In addition, four unidentifiable, morphologically different types of capillariid females, probably representing undescribed species, were recorded from the intestines of marine fishes off the northern coast of Australia: Capillariidae gen. sp. 1 and Capillariidae gen. sp. 2 from Lutjanus johnii (Bloch) and L. malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider), respectively (both Lutjanidae), Capillariidae gen. sp. 3 from Protonibea diacanthus (Lacépède) (Sciaenidae) and Capillariidae gen. sp. 4 from Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus) (Rachycentridae).

• MeSH
• Capillaria anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• Perciformes parazitologie   MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   MeSH
• vodní organismy parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH

Blastocrithidia papi is a unique trypanosomatid in that its life cycle is synchronized with that of its host, and includes an obligate stage of development in Malpighian tubules (MTs). This occurs in firebugs, which exited the winter diapause. In the short period, preceding the mating of overwintered insects, the flagellates penetrate MTs of the host, multiply attached to the epithelial surface with their flagella, and start forming cyst-like amastigotes (CLAs) in large agglomerates. By the moment of oviposition, a large number of CLAs are already available in the rectum. They are discharged on the eggs' surface with feces, used for transmission of bugs' symbiotic bacteria, which are compulsorily engulfed by the newly hatched nymphs along with the CLAs. The obligate development of B. papi in MTs is definitely linked to the life cycle synchronization. The absence of peristalsis allow the trypanosomatids to accumulate and form dense CLA-forming subpopulations, whereas the lack of peritrophic structures facilitates the extensive discharge of CLAs directly into the hindgut lumen. The massive release of CLAs associated with oviposition is indispensable for maximization of the infection efficiency at the most favorable time point.

• MeSH
• epitelové buňky parazitologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• Hemiptera parazitologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu * MeSH
• kladení vajíček MeSH
• malpighické trubice parazitologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• stadia vývoje MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• Trypanosomatina růst a vývoj   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The tapeworm Sciadocephalus megalodiscus Diesing, 1850 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), is redescribed based on newly collected specimens parasitizing tucunare peacock bass, Cichla monoculus Agassiz, 1831 (Perciformes: Cichlidae), in the Peruvian Amazon. Even though this cestode was redescribed 2 decades ago, that redescription did not report some of the unique features of this species. The most unusual characteristics of the species are (1) peculiar formation of the uterus, with fast formation of numerous, tightly packed diverticula protruding ventrally and dorsally, with simultaneous disintegration of the ovary and vitelline follicles in the first pregravid proglottids; (2) inverted umbrella-shaped scolex with a well-developed apical sucker; (3) a large-sized, follicular (grape cluster-like) ovary, which occupies most of the central (median) third of proglottids, with the ovarian isthmus situated almost equatorially; (4) regular alternation of genital pores; (5) a well-developed internal seminal vesicle; and (6) a small-sized strobila (shorter than 6 mm) consisting of few proglottids (15-20). Preliminary molecular data reveal S. megalodiscus to be most closely related to Cichlidocestus gillesi, the type species of the recently erected Cichlidocestus de Chambrier, Pinacho-Pinacho, Hernández-Orts, and Scholz, 2017. Species of both genera parasitize Neotropical cichlids and are unique among all proteocephalids in the shape and position of the ovary. They also share other morphological characteristics unusual among other proteocephalids, and thus these 2 genera can be considered good candidates to be placed in a new, higher-level taxon such as separate subfamily or even family when a new, more natural classification of the Proteocephalidae is proposed.

• MeSH
• Cestoda anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• cestodózy parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• cichlidy parazitologie   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• nemoci ryb parazitologie   MeSH
• řeky MeSH
• sladká voda MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Brazílie MeSH
• Peru MeSH

The monozoic tapeworm Atractolytocestus huronensis Anthony, 1958 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), an intestinal parasite of the common carp, is characterized by its invasive character and potential to colonize new territories. It was initially described from North America and has also been found in several European countries. The most recent findings of A. huronensis originated from China and South Africa; however, no data on genetic relationships of these populations were available. The current study provides the first molecular characterisation of A. huronensis from South Africa and China using a partial sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and a complete ribosomal ITS2 spacer. Ribosomal and mitochondrial data were applied for phylogenetic analyses in order to assess the genetic interrelationships among global A. huronensis populations. Divergent intragenomic copies of ribosomal ITS2 were detected in all analysed specimens; the structure and frequency of the ITS2 variants of tapeworms from China and South Africa corresponded with the data on ITS2 paralogues observed previously in A. huronensis from Slovakia, the United States and the United Kingdom. The phylogenetic analysis of cox1 indicated that A. huronensis exist in two slightly differentiated clusters; one cluster was supported by all phylogenetic approaches (NJ, ML, BI) and was represented by samples from China, the USA and the UK. A second cluster was represented by tapeworms from continental Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia) and South Africa. Haplotype network analysis revealed that the highest population diversity occurs in China. The results provide useful pilot information about the interrelationships of A. huronensis on four continents and indicate that China, or the eastern Palaearctic, served as the original source population for the global expansion of this invasive tapeworm. Data on the origin and distribution of the common carp, the only specific host of A. huronensis, are also discussed.

• MeSH
• Cestoda klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• cestodózy epidemiologie   parazitologie   přenos   veterinární   MeSH
• DNA helmintů genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• kapři anatomie a histologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika   MeSH
• nemoci ryb epidemiologie   parazitologie   přenos   MeSH
• respirační komplex IV genetika   MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Chorvatsko MeSH
• Čína MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• Rumunsko MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH

Blastocrithidia papi sp. n. is a cyst-forming trypanosomatid parasitizing firebugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus). It is a member of the Blastocrithidia clade and a very close relative of B. largi, to which it is almost identical through its SSU rRNA gene sequence. However, considering the SL RNA gene these two species represent quite distinct, not even related typing units. Morphological analysis of the new species revealed peculiar or even unique features, which may be useful for future taxonomic revision of the genus Blastocrithidia. These include a breach in the microtubular corset of rostrum at the site of contact with the flagellum, absence of desmosomes between flagellum and rostrum, large transparent vacuole near the flagellar pocket, and multiple vacuoles with fibrous content in the posterior portion of the cell. The study of the flagellates' behavior in the host intestine revealed that they may attach both to microvilli of enterocytes using swollen flagellar tip and to extracellular membranes layers using hemidesmosomes of flagellum. Laboratory experiments on B. papi transmission in P. apterus demonstrated that the parasite may be transmitted vertically (via contaminated surface of eggs) and horizontally (via contaminated substrate and/or necrophagy). We argue that the parasite exploits transmission mechanisms intended for obligate bacterial symbionts of P. apterus.

• MeSH
• Heteroptera mikrobiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• stadia vývoje * MeSH
• střeva parazitologie   MeSH
• Trypanosomatina klasifikace   cytologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH