Q112445691 Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
BACKGROUND: Pharmacological approach is the most effective way of treatment of ADHD and its early application prevents from the progress of secondary disorders. The study on present neurotransmitter systems in pathology of ADHD can be helpful in selecting appropriate drug, since there are used various substances with different mechanisms of functioning in treatment of the hyperkinetic syndrome.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dopamin-beta-hydroxylasa genetika MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- frekvence genu MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha genetika MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- membránové transportní proteiny pro serotonin genetika MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA MeSH
- proteiny přenášející dopamin přes plazmatickou membránu genetika MeSH
- receptory dopaminu D2 genetika MeSH
- receptory dopaminu D3 genetika MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
BACKGROUND: Functionally relevant polymorphisms in genes of the Th1 and Th2-inflammatory pathway influence the susceptibility to acute rejection (AR), chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN), and subclinical rejection (SR) as well as graft survival after renal transplantation. Because these findings have not been validated, we sought confirmatory evidence of these associations in a larger group of renal transplant recipients. METHODS: A total of 436 kidney transplant recipients were genotyped for 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (TNF-alpha-308G/A, MCP-1-2518A/G, RANTES-403G/A, -109T/C and -28C/G, CCR2+190G/A, IFN-gamma+874A/T, TGF-beta+869T/C and +915G/C) and for the 32-bp indel polymorphism in CCR5. The effects of these polymorphisms on the incidence of AR, SR, CAN and graft survival were analyzed in single locus and haplotype models. RESULTS: Single locus analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of the genotype frequencies between patients with and without AR, and between patients with CAN or SR, and individuals without CAN. Furthermore, no influence of any of the polymorphisms on the long-term graft survival was observed. Haplotype [TGF-beta +869G; TGF-beta +915C] seemed to be associated with the presence of SR (odds ratio: 3.45, 95% confidence interval: 1.19 - 9.99, P=0.023), but the association was nonsignificant due to the insufficient power. CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous allelic association studies, neither of the polymorphisms has been associated with the outcome of kidney transplantation in the single locus analysis nor in the haplotype model. Our findings reinforce the need for more rigorous research compliant with the currently accepted standards for polymorphism-disease association studies.
- MeSH
- cytokiny genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický MeSH
- přežívání štěpu genetika MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- rejekce štěpu genetika MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- transplantace ledvin MeSH
- zánět genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
The PIN-FORMED (PIN) protein family is a group of plant transmembrane proteins with a predicted function as secondary transporters. PINs have been shown to play a rate-limiting role in the catalysis of efflux of the plant growth regulator auxin from cells, and their asymmetrical cellular localization determines the direction of cell-to-cell auxin flow. There is a functional redundancy of PINs and their biochemical activity is regulated at many levels. PINs constitute a flexible network underlying the directional auxin flux (polar auxin transport) which provides cells in any part of the plant body with particular positional and temporal information. Thus, the PIN network, together with downstream auxin signalling system(s), coordinates plant development. This review summarizes recent progress in the elucidation of the role of PIN proteins in polar auxin transport at the cellular level, with emphasis on their structure and evolution and regulation of their function.
