Tento příspěvek shrnuje současný stav znalostí o vinylpyrrolidonu, jeho homopolymerech i kopolymerech a zesíťovaných strukturách na jeho bázi, a přináší bohatý přehled různých aplikací se zvláštním zaměřením na biomedicinu. Uvedena je rovněž stručná historie tohoto materiálu. Jsou popsány metody přípravy a technické parametry jak monomerního N-vinylpyrrolidonu, tak jeho různých polymerů. Důležité údaje jsou uvedeny v tabulkách.

This contribution summarizes the present-state of knowledge on vinylpyrrolidone, its (co)polymers, crosslinked structures based on it, and offers a rich survey of various applications, with a special focus on (bio)medicine. A brief history of this material is also given. Methods of preparation and technical parameters of both vinylpyrrolidone monomer and its various polymers are described. Important data are presented in tables.

• MeSH
• hydrogely aplikace a dávkování   chemie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• jodovaný povidon aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lékové transportní systémy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymerizace MeSH
• polymery chemická syntéza   MeSH
• povidon * aplikace a dávkování   chemie   MeSH
• vinylové sloučeniny chemie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Macromolecular hydrogels provide model synthetic substrates widely applied in biomedical research, especially for studies of the cellular settlement. Today, hydrogels are tailored with respect to specific needs of the given model or a real tissue. Key characteristics of the hydrogel substrates are their chemical composition, morphological structure, and, most notably, the porosity and its topology: size, shape, and mutual connectivity of pores. To develop new substrates, it is therefore necessary to use methods for the visualization and reconstruction of their inner structure in space and to characterize, if possible quantify, its parameters, such as the total volume of the pores, the fraction of communicating pores, characteristic patency and the total area of the inner walls of the connecting corridors. Fluorescent confocal microscopy in combination with an advanced software represents an efficient method to determine parameters mentioned above, in order to characterize hydrogels in situ, i.e., in the state of equilibrium swelling in water. Thus, this method differs significantly from another widespread technique, i.e., the scanning electron microscopy, where the samples, saturated with water, have to be freeze-dried first, and then the structure of each sample is determined in the frozen state. This paper compares the results of both imaging methods, as applied to macroporous hydrogels. Advantages and shortcuts of both methods are discussed. English translation is available in the on-line version.

The present article is dedicated to Mrs. L. Wichterlová, who has recently celebrated her 100th birthday, and, at the same time, to the memory of her late husband, famous Prof. O. Wichterle, the inventor of soft (hydrogel) contact lenses, 20th anniversary of whose passing will be remembered this year. Since conflicting data on the history of contact lenses can still be found in the literature, the authors resolved to remedy this shortcoming and to bring correct chronology of the invention.

• MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• měkké kontaktní čočky * dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• historické články MeSH