The evolutionary success of beetles and numerous other terrestrial insects is generally attributed to co-radiation with flowering plants but most studies have focused on herbivorous or pollinating insects. Non-herbivores represent a significant proportion of beetle diversity yet potential factors that influence their diversification have been largely unexamined. In the present study, we examine the factors driving diversification within the Scarabaeidae, a speciose beetle family with a range of both herbivorous and non-herbivorous ecologies. In particular, it has been long debated whether the key event in the evolution of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) was an adaptation to feeding on dinosaur or mammalian dung. Here we present molecular evidence to show that the origin of dung beetles occurred in the middle of the Cretaceous, likely in association with dinosaur dung, but more surprisingly the timing is consistent with the rise of the angiosperms. We hypothesize that the switch in dinosaur diet to incorporate more nutritious and less fibrous angiosperm foliage provided a palatable dung source that ultimately created a new niche for diversification. Given the well-accepted mass extinction of non-avian dinosaurs at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, we examine a potential co-extinction of dung beetles due to the loss of an important evolutionary resource, i.e., dinosaur dung. The biogeography of dung beetles is also examined to explore the previously proposed "out of Africa" hypothesis. Given the inferred age of Scarabaeinae as originating in the Lower Cretaceous, the major radiation of dung feeders prior to the Cenomanian, and the early divergence of both African and Gondwanan lineages, we hypothesise that that faunal exchange between Africa and Gondwanaland occurred during the earliest evolution of the Scarabaeinae. Therefore we propose that both Gondwanan vicariance and dispersal of African lineages is responsible for present day distribution of scarabaeine dung beetles and provide examples.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• brouci * MeSH
• dinosauři * MeSH
• ekologie MeSH
• extinkce biologická * MeSH
• feces MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Magnoliopsida MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zkameněliny MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The phylogenetic relationships of the beetle superfamily Tenebrionoidea are investigated using the most comprehensive genetic data set compiled to date. With ∼34,000 described species in approximately 1250 genera and 28 families, Tenebrionoidea represent one of the most diverse and species-rich superfamilies of beetles. The interfamilial relationships of the Tenebrionoidea are poorly known; previous morphological and molecular phylogenies recovered few well-supported and often conflicting relationships between families. Here we present a molecular phylogeny of Tenebrionoidea based on genes commonly used to resolve family and superfamily-level phylogenies of beetles (18S, 28S, 16S, 12S, tRNA Val and COI). The alignment spanned over 6.5KB of DNA sequence and over 300 tenebrionoid genera from 24 of the 28 families were sampled. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis could not resolve deeper level divergences within the superfamily and very few relationships between families were supported. Increasing gene coverage in the alignment by removing taxa with missing data did not improve clade support but when rogue taxa were removed increased resolution was recovered. Investigation of signal strength suggested conflicting phylogenetic signal was present in the standard genes used for beetle phylogenetics, even when rogue taxa were removed. Our study of Tenebrionoidea highlights that even with relatively comprehensive taxon sampling within a lineage, this standard set of genes is unable to resolve relationships within this superfamily.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• brouci klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• hmyzí geny MeSH
• pravděpodobnostní funkce MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Vazoneurózy představují heterogenní skupinu cévních onemocnění, které vznikají napodkladě porušené funkce periferních cév v akrálních částech těla, zejména nakončetinách. Typické jsou poruchy kožního prokrvení, což se projevuje barevnýmizměnami. Většina těchto onemocnění se projevuje buď jako primární forma (s benignímprůběhem) nebo doprovází jiné závažné onemocnění. V tom případě se jedná o tzv.sekundární formu, jejíž průběh závisí na závažnosti základního onemocnění.

Vasomotor dysfunctions represent a heterogenous group of vascular disorders that ariseon the basis of the impaired function of peripheral blood vessels in the acral parts of thebody, especially on the limbs. Disorders of the cutaneous blood flow, which aremanifested by colour changes on the skin, are typical. Most of these diseases manifestthemselves as a primary form (with a benign course) or accompany other seriousdiseases. In this case it is a so-called secondary form, whose course depends on theseverity of the underlying disease,

• MeSH
• cévní endotel patofyziologie   MeSH
• cyanóza diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• erytromelalgie diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• kožní cévní nemoci etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• livedo reticularis etiologie   MeSH
• mikrocirkulace MeSH
• onemocnění periferních cév * klasifikace   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• Raynaudova nemoc diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• revmatické nemoci komplikace   MeSH
• vazodilatancia aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• vazokonstriktory škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• vazomotorický systém * patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH