The purpose of this study was to compare the yield, chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oils isolated from leaves of Laurus nobilis L. by two different distillation methods. The essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Hydrodistillation produced a yield of 0.95 ± 0.06% which is slightly higher than yield obtained by steam distillation 0.79 ± 0.07%. Seventy three compounds in the bay leaves oil obtained by steam distillation were identified while in essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation were identified only 54 compounds. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method. Antimicrobial activity of obtained essential oils was evaluated by disc diffusion method in comparison with several chosen antimicrobials. The antimicrobial activity was tested on five microorganisms - Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. In general, oils produced by steam distillation had higher antimicrobial and antioxidant activities than hydrodistillation extracts. It seems that hydrodistillation is better for higher yield while steam distillation is better to use for more quality oils with stronger biological properties.
Essential oils (EOs) of culinary herbs and spices are used to flavor, color and preserve foods and drinks. Dietary intake of EOs is significant, deserving an attention of toxicologists. We examined the effects of 31 EOs of culinary herbs and spices on the transcriptional activity of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is a pivotal xenobiotic sensor, having also multiple roles in human physiology. Tested EOs were sorted out into AhR-inactive ones (14 EOs) and AhR-active ones, including full agonists (cumin, jasmine, vanilla, bay leaf), partial agonists (cloves, dill, thyme, nutmeg, oregano) and antagonists (tarragon, caraway, turmeric, lovage, fennel, spearmint, star anise, anise). Major constituents (>10%) of AhR-active EOs were studied in more detail. We identified AhR partial agonists (carvacrol, ligustilide, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, thymol, ar-turmerone) and antagonists (trans-anethole, butylidine phtalide, R/S-carvones, p-cymene), which account for AhR-mediated activities of EOs of fennel, anise, star anise, caraway, spearmint, tarragon, cloves, dill, turmeric, lovage, thyme and oregano. We also show that AhR-mediated effects of some individual constituents of EOs differ from those manifested in mixtures. In conclusion, EOs of culinary herbs and spices are agonists and antagonists of human AhR, implying a potential for food-drug interactions and interference with endocrine pathways.
- MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- dobromysl (rod) MeSH
- interakce mezi potravou a léky MeSH
- koření analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Myristica MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- oleje prchavé farmakologie MeSH
- oleje rostlin farmakologie MeSH
- receptory aromatických uhlovodíků agonisté antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- regulace genové exprese účinky léků MeSH
- Thymus (rostlina) MeSH
- transkripční faktory bHLH agonisté antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- vaření MeSH
- vavřín MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- fytoterapie MeSH
- léčivé rostliny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty terapeutické užití MeSH
- vavřín * chemie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Fat-enriched diet is strongly associated with cataract development. Laurus nobilis shows antioxidant activity. Herein we evaluated the effect of Laurus nobilis oral administration on the blood and lenses antioxidant activity in rabbits under fat-enriched diet. Sixty rabbits divided into 4 groups were used. One group represented the control (N-CTR). The second group (P-CTR) fed a diet supplemented with 2.5 % of pig fat; the third group (EXP1) received a diet supplemented with 2.5 % of pig fat and 1 g/kg of dried-bay leaves; the fourth group (EXP2) was treated with dried-bay leaves at the rate of 1 g/kg of feed. At baseline and at the end of the study (56 days) the following blood parameters were determined: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), total phenols, superoxide dismutase (SOD), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC(pca)), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), retinol and alfa-tocopherol. At the end of the follow-up, the eyes were enucleated and the antioxidant profile, such as total antioxidant activity (TAC), TBARS, retinol and alfa-tocopherol of lenses was evaluated. Plasma ROMs and TBARS levels were statistically lower in the groups receiving bay leaves integration. A significant increase of plasma retinol, FRAP and ORAC(pca) levels was found in EXP1 and EXP2 groups, whereas plasma alfa-tocopherol resulted statistically higher only in EXP2 group. Bay leaves supplementation enhanced TAC, retinol and alfa-tocopherol in rabbit lens, particularly in EXP2 group; whereas lenses TBARS levels significantly decreased in both treated groups. These findings demonstrate that Laurus nobilis oral administration exerts a protective effect on the risk of cataract development in rabbits under fat-enriched diet.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků metody MeSH
- dietní tuky metabolismus MeSH
- fytoterapie metody MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- oční čočka metabolismus MeSH
- potravní doplňky * MeSH
- vavřín * MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The diversity of green microalgae in subaerial habitats remains largely unexplored and a number of new genus- and species-level lineages have been discovered recently. The traditional green algal genus, Chlorella, which accommodated coccoid unicellular green algal species with globular to oval cells, reproducing entirely by autospores, has been found to be polyphyletic. In this study, we provide a detailed characterization of two strains of microalgae isolated from tree bark in the Mediterranean. These algae share the general Chlorella-like morphology and their 18S rRNA and rbcL gene sequences place them in the Trebouxiophyceae. Strain CAUP H8401 forms an independent trebouxiophycean lineage, together with three previously published 18S rRNA gene environmental sequences of undescribed microalgae, which were retrieved from profoundly different habitats. In contrast, strain CAUP H7902 is related to Kalinella bambusicola in the Watanabea clade of the Trebouxiophyceae on the basis of its 18S rRNA gene sequence. This relationship is also supported by the rbcL gene sequence, acquired from the type strain of K. bambusicola. The investigated strains are described as representatives of a novel species in a new genus, Leptochlorella corticola gen. et sp. nov., and a novel species, Kalinella apyrenoidosa sp. nov., according to the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants.
- MeSH
- Chlorophyta klasifikace genetika ultrastruktura MeSH
- cypřiš (rod) mikrobiologie MeSH
- DNA řas genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- kůra rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 18S genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- vavřín mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovinsko MeSH
- Středomoří MeSH
