The intestinal microbiota is known to influence postnatal growth. We previously found that a strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (strain LpWJL) buffers the adverse effects of chronic undernutrition on the growth of juvenile germ-free mice. Here, we report that LpWJL sustains the postnatal growth of malnourished conventional animals and supports both insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin production and activity. We have identified cell walls isolated from LpWJL, as well as muramyl dipeptide and mifamurtide, as sufficient cues to stimulate animal growth despite undernutrition. Further, we found that NOD2 is necessary in intestinal epithelial cells for LpWJL-mediated IGF-1 production and for postnatal growth promotion in malnourished conventional animals. These findings indicate that, coupled with renutrition, bacteria cell walls or purified NOD2 ligands have the potential to alleviate stunting.
- MeSH
- acetylmuramyl-alanyl-isoglutamin farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- buněčná stěna chemie MeSH
- epitelové buňky mikrobiologie fyziologie MeSH
- gnotobiologické modely MeSH
- insulinu podobný růstový faktor I metabolismus MeSH
- inzulin metabolismus MeSH
- Lactobacillaceae * fyziologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- podvýživa * patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- poruchy růstu patofyziologie terapie MeSH
- růst * účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- signální adaptorový protein Nod2 * metabolismus MeSH
- střeva * mikrobiologie fyziologie MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * fyziologie MeSH
- střevní sliznice mikrobiologie fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Intra-amniotic infections (IAI) are one of the reasons for preterm birth. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein with various physiological functions, including tissue healing. Its excessive extracellular release potentiates inflammatory reaction and can revert its action from beneficial to detrimental. We infected the amniotic fluid of a pig on the 80th day of gestation with 1 × 104 colony forming units (CFUs) of E. coli O55 for 10 h, and evaluated the appearance of HMGB1, receptor for glycation endproducts (RAGE), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in the amniotic membrane and fluid. Sham-infected amniotic fluid served as a control. The expression and release of HMGB1 were evaluated by Real-Time PCR, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. The infection downregulated HMGB1 mRNA expression in the amniotic membrane, changed the distribution of HMGB1 protein in the amniotic membrane, and increased its level in amniotic fluid. All RAGE mRNA, protein expression in the amniotic membrane, and soluble RAGE level in the amniotic fluid were downregulated. TLR4 mRNA and protein expression and soluble TLR4 were all upregulated. HMGB1 is a potential target for therapy to suppress the exaggerated inflammatory response. This controlled expression and release can, in some cases, prevent the preterm birth of vulnerable infants. Studies on suitable animal models can contribute to the development of appropriate therapy.
- MeSH
- amnion imunologie mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- Escherichia coli růst a vývoj patogenita MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli genetika imunologie mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- infekční komplikace v těhotenství genetika imunologie mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu genetika imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- messenger RNA genetika imunologie MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- plodová voda imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- předčasný porod prevence a kontrola MeSH
- protein HMGB1 genetika imunologie MeSH
- receptor pro konečné produkty pokročilé glykace genetika imunologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- signální transdukce MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- toll-like receptor 4 genetika imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The current mammalian paradigm states that 1) rearrangements in the IgH locus precede those in IgL loci, 2) IgLλ genes rearrange only when IgLκ genes are consumed, and 3) the surrogate L chain is necessary for selection of productive IgH gene rearrangements. We show in swine that IgL rearrangements precede IgH gene rearrangements, resulting in the expression of naked IgL on a surface of precursor B cells. Findings also suggest that there is no dependency on the surrogate L chain, and thus the authentic IgL proteins may be used for selection of the IgH repertoire. Although rearrangement starts with IgLκ genes, it is rapidly replaced by IgLλ rearrangement. Fast replacement is characterized by occurrence of IgLλ(lo)IgLκ(lo) dual-expressing precursors in which IgLκ expression is a remnant of a previous translation. Most IgLκ(+) B cells are then generated later, indicating that there are two waves of IgLκ synthesis in different developmental stages with IgLλ gene rearrangements in between. In the absence of stromal cells, the stepwise order of rearrangements is blocked so that IgLλ gene rearrangements predominate in early B cell development. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that some mammals can use an inverted order of Ig loci rearrangement. Moreover, a situation in which the generation of BCR-bearing IgLκ is delayed until after IgLλ becomes the dominant isotype may help explain the extreme deviations in the IgLκ/IgLλ ratios among mammals.
- MeSH
- B-lymfocyty imunologie fyziologie MeSH
- geny pro imunoglobuliny MeSH
- imunoglobuliny - kappa-řetězce genetika MeSH
- lehké řetězce imunoglobulinů genetika imunologie MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- přestavba genů pro lehké řetězce B-lymfocytů * MeSH
- přestavba genů pro těžké řetězce B-lymfocytů MeSH
- receptory antigenů B-buněk genetika imunologie MeSH
- těžké řetězce imunoglobulinů genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
