This article represents the first paper in a two-part series dealing with safety during tram-pedestrian collisions. This research is dedicated to the safety of trams for pedestrians during collisions and is motivated by the increased number of lethal cases. The first part of this paper includes an overview of tram face development from the earliest designs to the current ones in use and, at the same time, provides a synopsis and explanation of the technical context, including a link to current and forthcoming legislation. The historical design development can be characterised by three steps, from an almost vertical front face, to leaned and pointed shapes, to the current inclined low-edged windshield without a protruding coupler. However, since most major manufacturers now export their products worldwide and customisation is only of a technically insignificant nature, our conclusions are generalisable (supported by the example of Berlin). The most advantageous shape of the tram's front, minimising the effects on pedestrians in all collision phases, has evolved rather spontaneously and was unprompted, and it is now being built into the European Commission regulations. The goal of the second part of this paper is to conduct a series of tram-pedestrian collisions with a focus on the frontal and side impacts using a crash test dummy (anthropomorphic test device-ATD). Four tram types approaching the collision at four different impact speeds (5 km/h, 10 km/h, 15 km/h, and 20 km/h) were used. The primary outcome variable was the resultant head acceleration. The risk and severity of possible head injuries were assessed using the head injury criterion (HIC15) and its linkage to the injury level on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The results showed increasing head impacts with an increasing speed for all tram types and collision scenarios. Higher values of head acceleration were reached during the frontal impact (17-124 g) compared to the side one (2-84 g). The HIC15 values did not exceed the value of 300 for any experimental setting, and the probability of AIS4+ injuries did not exceed 10%. The outcomes of tram-pedestrian collisions can be influenced by the ATD's position and orientation, the impact speed and front-end design of trams, and the site of initial contact.
- MeSH
- chodci * MeSH
- chůze MeSH
- dopravní nehody MeSH
- kraniocerebrální traumata * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorová vozidla MeSH
- rány a poranění * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the silver gull as an indicator of environmental contamination by salmonellae and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in south-east Australia. METHODS: A total of 504 cloacal samples were collected from gull chicks at three nesting colonies in New South Wales, Australia [White Bay (n = 144), Five Islands (n = 200) and Montague Island (n = 160)] and were examined for salmonellae and CPE. Isolates were tested for carbapenemase genes and susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. Clonality was determined by PFGE and MLST. Genetic context and conjugative transfer of the carbapenemase gene were determined. RESULTS: A total of 120 CPE of 10 species, mainly Escherichia coli (n = 85), carrying the gene blaIMP-4, blaIMP-38 or blaIMP-26 were obtained from 80 (40%) gulls from Five Islands. Thirty percent of birds from this colony were colonized by salmonellae. Most isolates contained the gene within a class 1 integron showing a blaIMP-4-qacG-aacA4-catB3 array. The blaIMP gene was carried by conjugative plasmids of variable sizes (80-400 kb) and diverse replicons, including HI2-N (n = 30), HI2 (11), A/C (17), A/C-Y (2), L/M (5), I1 (1) and non-typeable (6). Despite the overall high genetic variability, common clones and plasmid types were shared by different birds and bacterial isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate a large-scale transmission of carbapenemase-producing bacteria into wildlife, likely as a result of the feeding habits of the birds at a local waste depot. The isolates from gulls showed significant similarities with clinical isolates from Australia, suggesting the human origin of the isolates. The sources of CPE for gulls on Five Islands should be explored and proper measures applied to stop the transmission into the environment.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny analýza genetika MeSH
- beta-laktamasy analýza genetika MeSH
- Charadriiformes mikrobiologie MeSH
- Enterobacteriaceae enzymologie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- kloaka mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
- molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
- molekulární typizace MeSH
- nemoci ptáků epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- ostrovy epidemiologie MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- ptáci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Nový Jižní Wales epidemiologie MeSH
- ostrovy epidemiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
In this paper we describe a deconvolution technique for estimation of the neuronal signal from an observed hemodynamic responses in fMRI data. Our approach, based on the Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother for square-root cubature Kalman filter, enables us to accurately infer the hidden states, parameters, and the input of the dynamic system. Additionally, we enhance the cubature Kalman filter with a variational Bayesian approach for adaptive estimation of the measurement noise covariance.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- metoda Monte Carlo MeSH
- modely neurologické MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- poměr signál - šum MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
This paper presents a new approach to inverting (fitting) models of coupled dynamical systems based on state-of-the-art (cubature) Kalman filtering. Crucially, this inversion furnishes posterior estimates of both the hidden states and parameters of a system, including any unknown exogenous input. Because the underlying generative model is formulated in continuous time (with a discrete observation process) it can be applied to a wide variety of models specified with either ordinary or stochastic differential equations. These are an important class of models that are particularly appropriate for biological time-series, where the underlying system is specified in terms of kinetics or dynamics (i.e., dynamic causal models). We provide comparative evaluations with generalized Bayesian filtering (dynamic expectation maximization) and demonstrate marked improvements in accuracy and computational efficiency. We compare the schemes using a series of difficult (nonlinear) toy examples and conclude with a special focus on hemodynamic models of evoked brain responses in fMRI. Our scheme promises to provide a significant advance in characterizing the functional architectures of distributed neuronal systems, even in the absence of known exogenous (experimental) input; e.g., resting state fMRI studies and spontaneous fluctuations in electrophysiological studies. Importantly, unlike current Bayesian filters (e.g. DEM), our scheme provides estimates of time-varying parameters, which we will exploit in future work on the adaptation and enabling of connections in the brain.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- hemodynamika fyziologie MeSH
- interpretace obrazu počítačem metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- metoda Monte Carlo MeSH
- modely neurologické MeSH
- mozek krevní zásobení fyziologie MeSH
- nervové dráhy fyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
In this article, we show that adaptive multivariate autoregressive (AMVAR) modeling accompanied by proper estimation of the delay and the width of hemodynamic response function is an effective technique for evaluation of spectral Granger causality among different functional brain networks identified by independent component analysis from event-related fMRI data. The entire concept is demonstrated on 28 subjects auditory oddball fMRI data.
- MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- ptáci parazitologie MeSH
- Trombiculidae fyziologie klasifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Kostarika MeSH
