Ten Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected in a Czech hospital carried blaKPC-positive plasmids of different sizes (∼30, ∼45, and ∼80 kb). Sequencing revealed three types of plasmids (A to C) with the Tn4401a transposon. Type A plasmids comprised an IncR backbone and a KPC-2-encoding multidrug resistance (MDR) region. Type B plasmids were derivatives of type A plasmids carrying an IncN3-like segment, while type C plasmids were IncP6 plasmids sharing the same KPC-2-encoding MDR region with type A and B plasmids.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Citrobacter freundii účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• izoenzymy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• karbapenemy terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Klebsiella pneumoniae účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• Morganella morganii účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• otevřené čtecí rámce MeSH
• plazmidy chemie   klasifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence * MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi rodu Klebsiella * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí MeSH
• karbapenemy MeSH
• Klebsiella pneumoniae * účinky léků   MeSH
• kontrola infekce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The genus Raoultella belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae. Raoultella spp. are Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile rods. This genus can be distinguished from the genus Klebsiella, in that genus use histamine as the only source of carbon in the medium. Also, Raoultella grow at 4 °C and do not produce gas from lactose at 44.5 °C. Raoultella sp. is known to inhabit natural environments (water, soil, plants). The reservoir of Raoultella is the gastrointestinal tract and upper respiratory tract. Raoultella spp. are opportunistic bacteria, which usually cause infections of the biliary tract, pneumonia and bacteraemia in oncologic and with lower immunity patients. Raoultella planticola and Raoultella ornithinolytica are the most frequently encountered human pathogens among the genus Raoultella. In this review, the current knowledge on Raoultella infections is summarized.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• bakteriální pneumonie epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• bakteriemie epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky MeSH
• cholecystitida epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oportunní infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the silver gull as an indicator of environmental contamination by salmonellae and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in south-east Australia. METHODS: A total of 504 cloacal samples were collected from gull chicks at three nesting colonies in New South Wales, Australia [White Bay (n = 144), Five Islands (n = 200) and Montague Island (n = 160)] and were examined for salmonellae and CPE. Isolates were tested for carbapenemase genes and susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. Clonality was determined by PFGE and MLST. Genetic context and conjugative transfer of the carbapenemase gene were determined. RESULTS: A total of 120 CPE of 10 species, mainly Escherichia coli (n = 85), carrying the gene blaIMP-4, blaIMP-38 or blaIMP-26 were obtained from 80 (40%) gulls from Five Islands. Thirty percent of birds from this colony were colonized by salmonellae. Most isolates contained the gene within a class 1 integron showing a blaIMP-4-qacG-aacA4-catB3 array. The blaIMP gene was carried by conjugative plasmids of variable sizes (80-400 kb) and diverse replicons, including HI2-N (n = 30), HI2 (11), A/C (17), A/C-Y (2), L/M (5), I1 (1) and non-typeable (6). Despite the overall high genetic variability, common clones and plasmid types were shared by different birds and bacterial isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate a large-scale transmission of carbapenemase-producing bacteria into wildlife, likely as a result of the feeding habits of the birds at a local waste depot. The isolates from gulls showed significant similarities with clinical isolates from Australia, suggesting the human origin of the isolates. The sources of CPE for gulls on Five Islands should be explored and proper measures applied to stop the transmission into the environment.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy analýza   genetika   MeSH
• Charadriiformes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae enzymologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• molekulární typizace MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ostrovy epidemiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nový Jižní Wales epidemiologie   MeSH
• ostrovy epidemiologie   MeSH

Enterobakterie produkující karbapenemázu (CPE – Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae) představují globální problém, který má přímý vliv na zvládání jimi způsobených závažných infekcí. V Evropě dochází v některých státech k nárůstu karbapenemové rezistence. Existují však státy (např. Izrael), kde se situaci podařilo stabilizovat a dokonce i zlepšit. V roce 2014 bylo v České republice zaznamenáno 19 případů kolonizace nebo infekce CPE. V roce 2015 tento počet stoupl na 30 případů. Přesto lze Českou republiku hodnotit, jako zemi s nízkým výskytem CPE. Dosud byly zaznamenány pouze ojedinělé outbreaky, které se díky metodickému pokynu vydanému Ministerstvem zdravotnictví daří zvládat.

Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) represent a global problem which has a direct effect on the treatment of serious infections caused by such bacteria. In Europe, carbapenem resistance has been increasing, but in some countries (e.g., Israel), the prevalence of CPE stabilized or is even declining. In 2014, 19 cases of colonization or infection by CPE was detected in the Czech Republic. In 2015, the number of those cases increased to 30. Even so, the Czech Republic remains a low-prevalence country. Only few sporadic outbreaks have been identified. Those outbreaks, however, were quickly brought under control by following the Czech guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health.

• MeSH
• beta-laktamasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae * enzymologie   patogenita   účinky léků   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• objevující se infekční nemoci enzymologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

AIM: Given the steadily increasing numbers of resistant bacteria, the frequency and severity of infections are on the rise. In patients with hematological malignancies, the treatment itself increases the risk of complicating bacterial infections. One important mechanisms of resistance is production of broad-spectrum beta-lactamases, increasingly detected not only in bacterial pathogens but also in bacteria contained in the normal microflora of the human body. The objectives of this study were determination and analysis of the prevalence of multiresistant ESBL- and AmpC-positive Enterobacteriaceae in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of patients with hematological malignancies. METHODS: For 3 months, rectal swabs were taken from patients with hematological malignancies and analyzed using chromogenic screening plates to isolate ESBL- and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Beta-lactamase production was determined by phenotype tests and confirmed by detecting genes encoding ESBL and AmpC types. At the same time, ESBL- and AmpC-positive Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from clinical samples collected from patients with bacterial infection. RESULTS: Over the study period, fifteen patients (21%) of all patients treated at the Department of Hemato-Oncology were shown to have ESBL- or AmpC-positive Enterobacteriaceae in their GIT. Most frequently identified were ESBL-positive strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and AmpC-positive strains of Citrobacter freundii. The ESBL enzymes were mainly of the CTX-M type. Isolates producing AmpC were found to contain genes for enzymes mainly from the CIT and DHA groups. CONCLUSION: The study identified patients diagnosed with urinary tract and bloodstream infections caused by ESBL-positive strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and AmpC-positive strain of Enterobacter cloacae contained in the GIT microflora.

• MeSH
• beta-laktamasy analýza   MeSH
• DNA bakterií analýza   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce komplikace   epidemiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• feces enzymologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hematologické nádory komplikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to perform a multinational survey of patients' colonization by metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, including their molecular characterization. METHODS: Patients in 18 hospital units across Europe and Israel (n = 17 945) were screened between mid-2008 and mid-2011. MBL-producing isolates were typed by PFGE and MLST. MBL genes were amplified and sequenced within their integrons. Plasmids with MBL genes were analysed by nuclease S1 plus hybridization profiling, mating and transformation assays, and by PCR-based replicon typing. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients in nine centres (six countries), including 62 patients in two Greek ICUs, carried 94 non-duplicate MBL-producing organisms. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Greece dominated (n = 57) and belonged mainly to ST147, ST36 and ST383. All but one of the isolates expressed VIM-1-type MBLs. Isolates of Greek origins produced five enzymes, including new VIM-39, encoded by class 1 integrons of four types. In-e541-like elements prevailed, comprising six variants located on IncR, IncFIIK, IncR + FIIK, IncR + A/C or non-typeable plasmids. The other group were new In4873 and In4863, being the first In416-like elements identified in Greece, which were present on IncA/C or non-typeable plasmids. Isolates from other countries produced only VIM-1 and the major integron was In916, identified in 16 organisms from France, Italy and Spain. In916 was carried by four plasmid types, including IncA/C, IncFIIK and IncHI2. Other integrons included a new element, In3103, in Spain and In110 identified only in Latvia. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided fully comparable data on the occurrence and molecular characteristics of VIM-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a group of hospital units across Europe, documenting recent changes in their epidemiology.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• beta-laktamasy sekrece   MeSH
• DNA bakterií chemie   genetika   MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae klasifikace   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• plazmidy analýza   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• přenašečství epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• pulzní gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Antimicrobial resistance genes can be found in all ecosystems, including those where antibiotic selective pressure has never been exerted. We investigated resistance genes in a collection of faecal samples of wildlife (non-human primates, mice), people and domestic animals (dogs, cats) in Côte d'Ivoire; in the chimpanzee research area of Taï National Park (TNP) and adjacent villages. Single bacteria isolates were collected from antibiotic-containing agar plates and subjected to molecular analysis to detect Enterobacteriaceae isolates with plasmid-mediated genes of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). While the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in the villages was 27% in people (n = 77) and 32% in dogs (n = 38), no ESBL-producer was found in wildlife of TNP (n = 75). PMQR genes, mainly represented by qnrS1, were also present in human- and dog-originating isolates from the villages (36% and 42% in people and dogs, respectively), but no qnrS has been found in the park. In TNP, different variants of qnrB were detected in Citrobacter freundii isolates originating non-human primates and mice. In conclusion, ESBL and PMQR genes frequently found in humans and domestic animals in the villages were rather exceptional in wildlife living in the protected area. Although people enter the park, the strict biosecurity levels they are obliged to follow probably impede transmission of bacteria between them and wildlife.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• chinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• Citrobacter freundii genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• divoká zvířata mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• hospodářská zvířata MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psi MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Pobřeží slonoviny MeSH

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny * MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• ciprofloxacin farmakologie   MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae genetika   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• frekvence genu MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• plazmidy * MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• vrány mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

BACKGROUND: Until recently, members of the Cronobacter genus (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) were a relatively unknown cause of nosocomial infections. However, their association with infant infections, particularly through the consumption of contaminated reconstituted infant formula in neonatal intensive care units, has resulted in international efforts to improve neonatal health care. AIM: To investigate current understanding of this emergent group of bacterial pathogens and the steps taken to reduce neonatal infection. METHODS: A literature review was undertaken to determine current knowledge of the Cronobacter genus with respect to recent taxonomic revisions, sources and clinical relevance. FINDINGS: The majority of severe neonatal meningitis infections are associated with one of the 10 Cronobacter spp., the clonal complex known as C. sakazakii sequence type 4. International efforts by the Food and Agriculture Organization-World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce the risk of neonatal infection by this organism have resulted in improved microbiological safety of powdered infant formula (PIF), but revised guidelines for feeding practices have been problematic. In addition, the majority of infections occur in the adult population and the sources are unknown. CONCLUSION: International improvements in the microbiological safety of PIF and advice on feeding practices have focused on improving neonatal health care following the heightened awareness of Cronobacter infections in this particular age group. These measures are also likely to reduce neonatal exposure to other opportunistic bacterial pathogens, but a number of unresolved issues remain with respect to the practicalities of feeding premature neonates safely while following WHO advice.

• MeSH
• Cronobacter izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningitida bakteriální epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• náhražky mateřského mléka MeSH
• nemoci přenášené potravou epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• objevující se infekční nemoci epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zdravotnická zařízení MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH