• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• ekstrofie močového měchýře chirurgie   MeSH
• epispadie chirurgie   MeSH
• gynekologická onemocnění MeSH
• hypospadie chirurgie   MeSH
• kloaka abnormality   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obstrukce močové trubice MeSH
• urologické nemoci * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli veterinární   MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kur domácí mikrobiologie   MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• transferasy pro jiné substituované fosfátové skupiny genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Paraguay MeSH

Hlavní stanovisko práce: Přehledový článek o diagnostice a terapii komplexní vrozené vady, která má pro pacienty celoživotní následky a vyžaduje trvalé sledování jak dětským, tak dospělým urologem. Velká část pacientek s kloakou potřebuje opakované rekonstrukční operace. Kloakální malformace je závažnou formou anorektální malformace u dívek, která vyžaduje komplexní péči ve specializovaných centrech a celoživotní sledování. Dívky s perzistující kloakou mají navíc vysokou incidenci přidružených vrozených vad, nejčastěji uropoetického traktu, páteře a míchy. Anatomická a funkční rekonstrukce kloakální malformace patří mezi nejtěžší operace v dětské chirurgii a urologii vůbec. Cílem terapie je zajistit dívkám kontinenci moči a stolice, volný odtok menstruační krve, možnost pohlavního styku a kvalitního sexuálního života v dospělosti. V tomto přehledovém článku popisujeme na základě literatury a vlastních zkušeností diagnostiku různých typů kloakální malformace a přidružených vad, možnosti rekonstrukčních technik a očekávané výsledky multioborové péče. Pro dosažení kontinence moči jsou někdy nutné i vícečetné urologické rekonstrukční výkony. Vzhledem k tomu, že se přes veškerou lékařskou péči přibližně u poloviny pacientek rozvine před dosažením dospělosti chronické ledvinné selhání, vyžaduje jejich léčba a sledování ze strany dětských a následně dospělých urologů velké osobní a odborné nasazení.

Major Statement: A review article about the diagnostic tools and management of persistent cloaca malformation that belongs to one of the most complex new-born anomalies with a need of the life-long follow-up by pediatric and general urologist. The majority of cloaca patients undergo multiple reconstructive procedures. Cloacal malformation is the most severe form of anorectal malformation in girls. The complex treatment is possible only in specialized pediatric centers and life-long follow-up is needed. Females with persistent cloaca suffer also from many associated anomalies, especially urinary tract and spinal malformations. Correct anatomical and functional reconstruction of persistent cloaca belongs to one of the most challenging tasks in pediatric surgery and urology. The goal of the complex therapy is to help patients achieve urinary and fecal continence, regular menstruation at puberty and possibility of good quality of sexual life in adulthood. In this review article based on the current literature and our own experience we describe the spectrum of cloaca malformations and associated anomalies, possible techniques of reconstruction and expected outcomes after the treatment by multiple specialist team. For achieving urinary continence these patients often need several urology procedures. However, despite the complex treatment half of the cloaca girls will develop chronic kidney disease before achieving adulthood and therefore detailed and long-term follow-up by dedicated pediatric and general urologist is mandatory.

• Klíčová slova
• kloakální malformace,
• MeSH
• anální kanál abnormality   diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• anorektální malformace * diagnóza   chirurgie   MeSH
• hydrokolpos diagnóza   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• kloaka * abnormality   diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• kolostomie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vrozené vady MeSH
• vzácné nemoci MeSH
• zákroky plastické chirurgie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Based on light and scanning electron microscopical studies of nematode specimens from the digestive tract of some rarely collected anguilliform and perciform fishes off New Caledonia, three new species of Cucullanus Müller, 1777 (Cucullanidae) are described: C. austropacificus n. sp. from the longfin African conger Conger cinereus (Congridae), C. gymnothoracis n. sp. from the lipspot moray Gymnothorax chilospilus (Muraenidae), and C. incognitus n. sp. from the seabream Dentex fourmanoiri (Sparidae). Cucullanus austropacificus n. sp. is characterized by the presence of cervical alae, ventral sucker, alate spicules 1.30-1.65 mm long, conspicuous outgrowths of the anterior and posterior cloacal lips and by elongate-oval eggs measuring 89-108 × 48-57 μm; C. gymnothoracis n. sp. is similar to the foregoing species, but differs from it in the absence of cervical alae and the posterior cloacal outgrowth, in the shape and size of the anterior cloacal outgrowth and somewhat shorter spicules 1.12 mm long; C. incognitus n. sp. (based on female morphology) differs from other congeneric species parasitic in the Sparidae mainly in possessing cervical alae, the postequatorial vulva, phasmids situated at the mid-length of the tail and in the size of the eggs (75-84 × 45-66 μm). A key to species of Cucullanus parasitizing anguilliform fishes is provided.

• MeSH
• Anguilliformes parazitologie   MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt parazitologie   MeSH
• hlístice anatomie a histologie   klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• kloaka parazitologie   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací veterinární   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• nematodózy epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci ryb epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Perciformes parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nová Kaledonie MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the silver gull as an indicator of environmental contamination by salmonellae and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in south-east Australia. METHODS: A total of 504 cloacal samples were collected from gull chicks at three nesting colonies in New South Wales, Australia [White Bay (n = 144), Five Islands (n = 200) and Montague Island (n = 160)] and were examined for salmonellae and CPE. Isolates were tested for carbapenemase genes and susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. Clonality was determined by PFGE and MLST. Genetic context and conjugative transfer of the carbapenemase gene were determined. RESULTS: A total of 120 CPE of 10 species, mainly Escherichia coli (n = 85), carrying the gene blaIMP-4, blaIMP-38 or blaIMP-26 were obtained from 80 (40%) gulls from Five Islands. Thirty percent of birds from this colony were colonized by salmonellae. Most isolates contained the gene within a class 1 integron showing a blaIMP-4-qacG-aacA4-catB3 array. The blaIMP gene was carried by conjugative plasmids of variable sizes (80-400 kb) and diverse replicons, including HI2-N (n = 30), HI2 (11), A/C (17), A/C-Y (2), L/M (5), I1 (1) and non-typeable (6). Despite the overall high genetic variability, common clones and plasmid types were shared by different birds and bacterial isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate a large-scale transmission of carbapenemase-producing bacteria into wildlife, likely as a result of the feeding habits of the birds at a local waste depot. The isolates from gulls showed significant similarities with clinical isolates from Australia, suggesting the human origin of the isolates. The sources of CPE for gulls on Five Islands should be explored and proper measures applied to stop the transmission into the environment.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy analýza   genetika   MeSH
• Charadriiformes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae enzymologie   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• molekulární typizace MeSH
• nemoci ptáků epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• ostrovy epidemiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• ptáci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nový Jižní Wales epidemiologie   MeSH
• ostrovy epidemiologie   MeSH

Effects of vertebrate-associated microbiota on physiology and health are of significant interest in current biological research. Most previous studies have focused on host-microbiota interactions in captive-bred mammalian models. These interactions and their outcomes are still relatively understudied, however, in wild populations and non-mammalian taxa. Using deep pyrosequencing, we described the cloacal microbiome (CM) composition in free living barn swallows Hirundo rustica, a long-distance migratory passerine bird. Barn swallow CM was dominated by bacteria of the Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. Bacteroidetes, which represent an important proportion of the digestive tract microbiome in many vertebrate species, was relatively rare in barn swallow CM (< 5%). CM composition did not differ between males and females. A significant correlation of CM within breeding pair members is consistent with the hypothesis that cloacal contact during within-pair copulation may promote transfer of bacterial assemblages. This effect on CM composition had a relatively low effect size, however, possibly due to the species' high level of sexual promiscuity.

• MeSH
• bakteriální RNA MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• chov MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• metagenom MeSH
• migrace zvířat * MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• ptáci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We aimed at Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae isolates resistant to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and Salmonella isolates in wild birds in Arctic Svalbard, Norway. Cloacal swabs of little auks (Alle alle, n=215) and samples of faeces of glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus, n=15) were examined. Inducible production of AmpC enzyme was detected in E. cloacae KW218 isolate. Sequence analysis of the 1146 bp PCR product of the ampC gene from this isolate revealed 99% sequence homology with the blaACT-14 and blaACT-5 AmpC beta-lactamase genes. Four, respectively six of the identified single nucleotide polymorphisms generated amino acid substitutions in the amino acid chain. As the ampC sequence polymorphism in the investigated E. cloacae strain was identified as unique, we revealed a novel variant of the ampC beta-lactamase gene blaACT-23.

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• beta-laktamasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Charadriiformes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA primery genetika   MeSH
• Enterobacter cloacae enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce veterinární   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární   MeSH
• substituce aminokyselin genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Norsko MeSH
• Svalbard MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Faecal Escherichia coli strains were isolated from great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), which are commonly occurring waterbirds in Europe, and studied for resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. METHODS: Cloacal swabs or faeces from great cormorants and mallards in Central Europe were cultivated to isolate Escherichia coli strains with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. RESULTS: Ten ESBL-producing E. coli with the bla(CTX-M-15) or bla(CTX-M-27) gene were isolated from eight great cormorants (1.6%, n = 499). The bla(CTX-M) genes were harboured by plasmids of F and I1 incompatibility groups. CTX-M-27-producing isolates were identified as the epidemiologically important B2-O25b-ST131 clone. No ESBL-producing E. coli was isolated from 305 mallards. Eight E. coli isolates with PMQR genes [six aac(6')-Ib-cr and two qnrS1] were detected in six great cormorants (1.2%). Seventeen strains with qnrS1 were detected in 17 mallards (6%). The PMQR genes were located on plasmids of incompatibility groups F, N or X2. ESBL and PMQR genes were found on conjugative plasmids, enabling the horizontal spread of resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Both great cormorants and mallards can spread epidemiologically important antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates to water bodies throughout Europe.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• beta-laktamasy sekrece   MeSH
• cefalosporiny farmakologie   MeSH
• chinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• plazmidy analýza   MeSH
• ptáci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Individual cloacal swabs of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and of herring gulls (Larus argentatus), as well as samples of waterbird feces obtained in 2008 and 2009, were cultivated for Escherichia coli. Isolates of E. coli were tested for susceptibilities to 12 antimicrobial agents by the disk diffusion method. Moreover, the samples were subcultivated on MacConkey agar (MCA) containing cefotaxime (2 mg liter(-1)) to detect E. coli with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and subsequently on MCA supplemented with ciprofloxacin (0.05 mg liter(-1)) and MCA with nalidixic acid (20 mg liter(-1)) to isolate fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli. PCR was used to detect specific antibiotic resistance genes. We found 9 E. coli isolates producing ESBL with bla genes: bla(CTX-M-1) (6 isolates), bla(CTX-M-9) plus bla(TEM-1b) (1 isolate), bla(CTX-M-15) plus bla(OXA-1) (1 isolate), and bla(SHV-12) (1 isolate). In the isolate with bla(CTX-M-15), the gene aac(6)-Ib-cr was also detected. The bla genes were harbored by transferable plasmids of the IncN and IncI1 groups. Nine quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates with qnrS genes were found and characterized. The gene qnrS was associated with a Tn3-like transposon on the IncX1 plasmid together with bla(TEM-1) in two isolates. The gene qnrS was also harbored by conjugative plasmids of the IncN and IncX2 groups. Even if populations of wild birds are not directly influenced by antibiotic practice, we have demonstrated that antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains, including strains with various ESBL and qnrS genes, are found in the feces of wild birds on the coast of the Baltic Sea in Poland.

• MeSH
• Anseriformes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• beta-laktamasy biosyntéza   MeSH
• Charadriiformes mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli účinky léků   enzymologie   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kultivační média chemie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• plazmidy analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• oceány a moře MeSH
• Polsko MeSH

The susceptibility toward antibiotics was determined by disc and MIC methods in Lactobacillus and, for comparison, in Escherichia coli strains isolated from cloacal swabs of broiler chickens derived from various farms in Slovakia. The occurrence of acquired tetracycline resistance in E. coli and lactobacilli isolated from the same sample was similar. The presence of tet(M), tet(S), tet(L) and ermB genes was demonstrated in lactobacilli while the tet(M) gene was not detected in E. coli.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• Escherichia coli izolace a purifikace   účinky léků   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• kloaka mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kur domácí MeSH
• Lactobacillus izolace a purifikace   účinky léků   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH