Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is harmful to the health and performance of domestic animals. The hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs), CYP1A1 and CYP2A6, are the primary enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of AFB1 to the highly toxic exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO) in chicks. However, the transcriptional regulation mechanism of these CYP genes in the liver of chicks in AFB1 metabolism remains unknown. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, bioinformatics and site-directed mutation results indicated that specificity protein 1 (SP1) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) motifs were located in the core region -1,063/-948, -606/-541 of the CYP1A1 promoter as well as -636/-595, -503/-462, -147/-1 of the CYP2A6 promoter. Furthermore, overexpression and decoy oligodeoxynucleotide technologies demonstrated that SP1 and AP-1 were pivotal transcriptional activators regulating the promoter activity of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6. Moreover, bioactivation of AFB1 to AFBO could be increased by upregulation of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 expression, which was trans-activated owing to the upregulalion of AP-1, rather than SP1, stimulated by AFB1-induced reactive oxygen species. Additionally, nano-selenium could reduce ROS, downregulate AP-1 expression and then decrease the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6, thus alleviating the toxicity of AFB1. In conclusion, AP-1 and SP1 played important roles in the transactivation of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 expression and further bioactivated AFB1 to AFBO in chicken liver, which could provide novel targets for the remediation of aflatoxicosis in chicks.
- MeSH
- aflatoxin B1 * metabolismus MeSH
- aktivace transkripce MeSH
- cytochrom P-450 CYP1A1 * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- cytochrom P450 CYP2A6 * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- játra * metabolismus MeSH
- kur domácí * metabolismus MeSH
- promotorové oblasti (genetika) * MeSH
- transkripční faktor AP-1 * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- transkripční faktor Sp1 * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This study was to evaluate the efficacy of TOXO-XL (XL), an integrated mycotoxin-mitigating agent, on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced damage in Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH), porcine jejunum epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/21) cells, and to explore its potential mechanisms. The results showed that 30% inhibition concentration (IC30) of AFB1 in LMH, IPEC-J2 and 3D4/21 cells was 0.5, 15.0, and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. Notably, cell viability, ROS, apoptosis and DNA lesion induced by AFB1 (IC30) could be ameliorated by the supplementation with XL at the dosage of 0.025, 0.025 and 0.005%, respectively. Additionally, the migration and phagocytosis abilities impaired by AFB1 were also restored by XL in 3D4/21. Further experiments revealed that XL supplementation markedly attenuated AFB1-induced inflammatory response by decreasing IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 in LMH, IL-6 in IPEC-J2 and IL-1β in 3D4/21 cells. Meanwhile, XL supplementation reversed the alterations of BAX, BCL-2 and caspase-3 induced by AFB1 in the three cells, suggesting that AFB1-induced apoptosis may be suppressed via the mitochondria-dependent pathway. Furthermore, XL may have a protective effect on the intestinal barrier through the restoration of occludin protein. Conclusively, these findings indicated that XL could alleviate AFB1-induced cytotoxicity in the three cells, potentially through the regulation of cytokines, ROS, apoptotic and DNA damage signaling.
- MeSH
- aflatoxin B1 toxicita metabolismus MeSH
- apoptóza MeSH
- epitelové buňky MeSH
- hepatocelulární karcinom * metabolismus MeSH
- interleukin-6 metabolismus MeSH
- kur domácí metabolismus MeSH
- nádory jater * metabolismus MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Serious health risks associated with the consumption of food products contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) are worldwide recognized and depend predominantly on consumed AF concentration by diet. A low concentration of aflatoxins in cereals and related food commodities is unavoidable, especially in subtropic and tropic regions. Accordingly, risk assessment guidelines established by regulatory bodies in different countries help in the prevention of aflatoxin intoxication and the protection of public health. By assessing the maximal levels of aflatoxins in food products which are a potential risk to human health, it's possible to establish appropriate risk management strategies. Regarding, a few factors are crucial for making a rational risk management decision, such as toxicological profile, adequate information concerning the exposure duration, availability of routine and some novel analytical techniques, socioeconomic factors, food intake patterns, and maximal allowed levels of each aflatoxin in different food products which may be varied between countries.
- MeSH
- aflatoxiny * toxicita analýza metabolismus MeSH
- dieta MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kontaminace potravin * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potraviny MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The presence ofAspergillusmycotoxins has been confirmed in various feed and food. They represent a hid-den threat that cannot be completely prevented. In animal husbandry, they impair their productive health and, in hu-man nutrition, they can cause acute or chronic health com-plications. This article provides an overview of the most important secondary metabolites of the genus Aspergillusin terms of their occurrence, toxicity and physico-chemical properties.
- MeSH
- aflatoxiny * chemie škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- Aspergillus * chemie metabolismus patogenita MeSH
- gliotoxin chemie škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- karcinogeny chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ochratoxiny * chemie škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- patulin chemie škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- sterigmatocystin chemie škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Aflatoxin B1 is a mycotoxin that widely exists in feed and has a great impact on human and animal health. This study aimed to examine whether Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 protected against aflatoxin B1-induced cecal inflammation in mice. It was found that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 could significantly improve the effects of AFB1 on body weight and intestinal inflammation of mice and enhance the expression of tight-junction protein. Compared with the CON group, the combination of AFB1 and B10 significantly increased the abundance of Actinobacteria and Bacilli in a collaborative manner, and significantly reduced the abundance of Ruminococcae, Lactobacillaceae and Clostridia. Meanwhile, the results showed that the abundance of Bacterides and Bacterdia in AFB1 + B10 group was significantly lower than that of AFB1 group, and the Firmicutes increased significantly. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 can be used as a feed additive and alleviate cecal inflammation induced by AFB1 in mice by regulating intestinal flora.
In the early 1960s the discovery of aflatoxins began when a total of 100,000 turkey poults died by hitherto unknown turkey "X" disease in England. The disease was associated with Brazilian groundnut meal affected by Aspergillus flavus. The toxin was named Aspergillus flavus toxin-aflatoxin. From the point of view of agriculture, aflatoxins show the utmost importance. Until now, a total of 20 aflatoxins have been described, with B1, B2, G1, and G2 aflatoxins being the most significant. Contamination by aflatoxins is a global health problem. Aflatoxins pose acutely toxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Besides food insecurity and human health, aflatoxins affect humanity at different levels, such as social, economical, and political. Great emphasis is placed on aflatoxin mitigation using biocontrol methods. Thus, this review is focused on aflatoxins in terms of historical development, the principal milestones of aflatoxin research, and recent data on their toxicity and different ways of mitigation.
- MeSH
- aflatoxiny * dějiny toxicita MeSH
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- kontaminace potravin prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny 20. století MeSH
- dějiny 21. století MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- historické články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- aflatoxiny * dějiny metabolismus škodlivé účinky MeSH
- karcinogeny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny dějiny MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin often found in food and livestock feed. It can affect human and animal health and is especially damaging to the liver. This study aims to evaluate whether Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (hereafter referred to as B. amyloliquefaciens) B10 can alleviate the toxic effects of AFB1 and, if so, what mechanism is responsible for its action. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) Kunming mice (5-6 weeks old) were divided into four groups (Control, AFB1, B10 strain, and AFB1 + B10 strain) and conducted continuously via gavage for 28 days. Oxidation indices (MDA, T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) were then measured using their liver tissues and liver coefficient were calculated. Apoptosis was determined using the TUNEL method. Gene expression was determined for Bax, Bcl-2, BIP, CHOP, JNK, Caspase-12, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, and protein expression was detected for Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3. Our results showed that AFB1 induced the oxidative damage and apoptosis in the livers of mice. However, for mice given B. amyloliquefaciens B10, the biochemical indices, pathological changes, the expressions of genes and proteins related to oxidative stress and apoptosis were significantly reversed. The results indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens B10 antagonizes oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by AFB1 in the livers of mice. The results of this study are of significance for the future use of this strain to reduce the harm of AFB1 to human health and animal reproductive performance.
- MeSH
- aflatoxin B1 toxicita MeSH
- apoptóza fyziologie MeSH
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- játra účinky léků patologie MeSH
- myši MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Mycotoxin contamination causes significant economic loss to food and feed industries and seriously threatens human health. Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most harmful mycotoxins, which are produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and other fungi that are commonly found in the production and preservation of grain and feed. AFs can cause harm to animal and human health due to their toxic (carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic) effects. How to remove AF has become a major problem: biological methods cause no contamination, have high specificity, and work at high temperature, affording environmental protection. In the present research, microorganisms with detoxification effects researched in recent years are reviewed, the detoxification mechanism of microbes on AFs, the safety of degrading enzymes and reaction products formed in the degradation process, and the application of microorganisms as detoxification strategies for AFs were investigated. One of the main aims of the work is to provide a reliable reference strategy for biological detoxification of AFs.
- MeSH
- aflatoxiny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- kontaminace potravin MeSH
- Lactobacillus fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Saccharomyces fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Spices are imported worldwide mainly from developing countries with tropical and/or subtropical climate. Local conditions, such as high temperature, heavy rainfall, and humidity, promote fungal growth leading to increased occurrence of mycotoxins in spices. Moreover, the lack of good agricultural practice (GAP), good manufacturing practice (GMP), and good hygienic practice (GHP) in developing countries are of great concern. This review summarizes recent data from a total of 56 original papers dealing with mycotoxins and microfungi in various spices in the last five years. A total of 38 kinds of spices, 17 mycotoxins, and 14 microfungi are discussed in the review. Worldwide, spices are rather overlooked in terms of mycotoxin regulations, which usually only cover aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA). In this paper, an extensive attention is devoted to the limits on mycotoxins in spices in the context of the European Union (EU) as well as other countries. As proven in this review, the incidence of AFs and OTA, as well as other mycotoxins, is relatively high in many spices; thus, the preparation of new regulation limits is advisable.
- MeSH
- aflatoxiny analýza toxicita MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- houby izolace a purifikace MeSH
- internacionalita * zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- kontaminace potravin zákonodárství a právo prevence a kontrola MeSH
- koření škodlivé účinky analýza toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotoxiny analýza toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
