BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients with presumed nonlesional focal epilepsy-based on either MRI or histopathologic findings-have a lower success rate of epilepsy surgery compared with lesional patients. In this study, we aimed to characterize a large group of patients with focal epilepsy who underwent epilepsy surgery despite a normal MRI and had no lesion on histopathology. Determinants of their postoperative seizure outcomes were further studied. METHODS: We designed an observational multicenter cohort study of MRI-negative and histopathology-negative patients who were derived from the European Epilepsy Brain Bank and underwent epilepsy surgery between 2000 and 2012 in 34 epilepsy surgery centers within Europe. We collected data on clinical characteristics, presurgical assessment, including genetic testing, surgery characteristics, postoperative outcome, and treatment regimen. RESULTS: Of the 217 included patients, 40% were seizure-free (Engel I) 2 years after surgery and one-third of patients remained seizure-free after 5 years. Temporal lobe surgery (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.62; 95% CI 1.19-5.76), shorter epilepsy duration (AOR for duration: 0.94; 95% CI 0.89-0.99), and completely normal histopathologic findings-versus nonspecific reactive gliosis-(AOR: 4.69; 95% CI 1.79-11.27) were significantly associated with favorable seizure outcome at 2 years after surgery. Of patients who underwent invasive monitoring, only 35% reached seizure freedom at 2 years. Patients with parietal lobe resections had lowest seizure freedom rates (12.5%). Among temporal lobe surgery patients, there was a trend toward favorable outcome if hippocampectomy was part of the resection strategy (OR: 2.94; 95% CI 0.98-8.80). Genetic testing was only sporadically performed. DISCUSSION: This study shows that seizure freedom can be reached in 40% of nonlesional patients with both normal MRI and histopathology findings. In particular, nonlesional temporal lobe epilepsy should be regarded as a relatively favorable group, with almost half of patients achieving seizure freedom at 2 years after surgery-even more if the hippocampus is resected-compared with only 1 in 5 nonlesional patients who underwent extratemporal surgery. Patients with an electroclinically identified focus, who are nonlesional, will be a promising group for advanced molecular-genetic analysis of brain tissue specimens to identify new brain somatic epilepsy genes or epilepsy-associated molecular pathways.
- MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- epilepsie parciální * diagnostické zobrazování chirurgie MeSH
- epilepsie temporálního laloku * chirurgie MeSH
- epilepsie * diagnostické zobrazování chirurgie MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- záchvaty MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The study investigated metabolic connectivity (MC) differences between patients with unilateral drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and healthy controls (HCs), based on [18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET data. We focused on the MC changes dependent on the lateralization of the epileptogenic lobe and on correlations with postoperative outcomes. METHODS: FDG-PET scans of 47 patients with unilateral MTLE with histopathologically proven HS and 25 HC were included in the study. All the patients underwent a standard anterior temporal lobectomy and were more than 2 years after the surgery. MC changes were compared between the two HS groups (left HS, right HS) and HC. Differences between the metabolic network of seizure-free and non-seizure-free patients after surgery were depicted afterward. Network changes were correlated with clinical characteristics. RESULTS: The study showed widespread metabolic network changes in the HS patients as compared to HC. The changes were more extensive in the right HS than in the left HS. Unfavorable surgical outcomes were found in patients with decreased MC within the network including both the lesional and contralesional hippocampus, ipsilesional frontal operculum, and contralesional insula. Favorable outcomes correlated with decreased MC within the network involving both orbitofrontal cortices and the ipsilesional temporal lobe. SIGNIFICANCE: There are major differences in the metabolic networks of left and right HS, with more extensive changes in right HS. The changes within the metabolic network could help predict surgical outcomes in patients with HS. MC may identify patients with potentially unfavorable outcomes and direct them to a more detailed presurgical evaluation. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Metabolic connectivity is a promising method for metabolic network mapping. Metabolic networks in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy are dependent on lateralization of the epileptogenic lobe and could predict surgical outcomes.
- MeSH
- epilepsie temporálního laloku * diagnostické zobrazování chirurgie MeSH
- fluorodeoxyglukosa F18 metabolismus MeSH
- hipokampus chirurgie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- refrakterní epilepsie * MeSH
- spánkový lalok metabolismus MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Autoimunitní encefalitidy (AIE) jsou autoimunitně podmíněná onemocnění centrálního nervového systému s dominujícím postižením mozkové kůry. Prevalence AIE je srovnatelná s encefalitidami infekční etiologie. Mohou se vyskytovat jako paraneoplastické syndromy (u kterých je abnormální imunitní odpověď podmíněna přítomností periferního tumoru), nebo jako syndromy neparaneoplastické (kde zřejmě hraje roli kombinace virového triggeru a vrozené dispozice). Mezi nejčastější AIE patří encefalitida s protilátkami proti glutamátovým N‐methyl‐D-aspartátovým recetorům (NMDAR encefalitida), limbická encefalitida s protilátkami proti leucin‐rich glioma inactivated proteinu 1 (LGI1 encefalitida) a některé syndromy dříve označované jako "klasické paraneoplastické" - v dnešní terminologii "vysoce rizikové fenotypy". Jedná se o limbickou encefalitidu s pozitivitou anti‐Hu a anti‐CV2, rychle progredující cerebelární syndrom (většinou sdružený s protilátkami anti‐Yo) a stiff‐person syndrom (včetně jeho variant). V posledních letech bylo popsáno několik nových fenotypů, které si zaslouží pozornost, např. anti‐GFAP syndrom, anti‐GABAA receptorová encefalitida (relevantní v kontextu new‐onset refractory status epilepticus - NORSE) a syndrom s protilátkami anti‐IgLON5. Tento článek přináší základní přehled aktuálních informací ohledně AIE.
Autoimmune encephalitides (AIE) are autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system with predominant involvement of the cerebral cortex. The prevalence of AIE is comparable to that of encephalitis of infectious etiology. They can occur as paraneoplastic syndromes (in which the abnormal immune response is triggered by the presence of a peripheral tumor) or as non-paraneoplastic syndromes (where a combination of a viral trigger and an innate disposition seems to play a role). The most common AIEs include encephalitis with antibodies to glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR encephalitis), limbic encephalitis with antibodies to leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1 (LGI1 encephalitis) and syndromes formerly referred to as "classic paraneoplastic" - in today's terminology "high-risk phenotypes". These include limbic encephalitis with anti-Hu and anti-CV2 positivity, rapidly progressive cerebellar syndrome (usually associated with anti-Yo antibodies) and stiff-person syndrome (including its variants). In recent years, several new phenotypes have been described that deserve attention, such as anti-GFAP syndrome, anti-GABAA receptor encephalitis (relevant in the context of new-onset refractory status epilepticus - NORSE) and syndrome with anti-IgLON5 antibodies. This article provides a basic overview of current information regarding AIE.
- MeSH
- autoimunitní nemoci nervového systému * diagnostické zobrazování klasifikace komplikace mozkomíšní mok patofyziologie patologie terapie MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- encefalitida s protilátkami proti NMDA receptorům diagnóza farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- encefalitida * diagnostické zobrazování klasifikace mozkomíšní mok patofyziologie patologie terapie MeSH
- epilepsie temporálního laloku diagnóza etiologie komplikace MeSH
- epilepsie diagnóza etiologie komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- nádory nervového systému diagnóza patologie MeSH
- paraneoplastické neurologické syndromy diagnóza klasifikace MeSH
- protilátky analýza MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
OBJECTIVE: We analyzed trends in patients' characteristics, outcomes, and waiting times over the last 25 years at our epilepsy surgery center situated in Central Europe to highlight possible areas of improvement in our care for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS: A total of 704 patients who underwent surgery at the Brno Epilepsy Center were included in the study, 71 of those were children. Patients were separated into three time periods, 1996-2000 (n = 95), 2001-2010 (n = 295) and 2011-2022 (n = 314) based on first evaluation at the center. RESULTS: The average duration of epilepsy before surgery in adults remained high over the last 25 years (20.1 years from 1996 to 2000, 21.3 from 2001 to 2010, and 21.3 from 2011 to 2020, P = 0.718). There has been a decrease in rate of surgeries for temporal lobe epilepsy in the most recent time period (67%-70%-52%, P < 0.001). Correspondingly, extratemporal resections have become more frequent with a significant increase in surgeries for focal cortical dysplasia (2%-8%-19%, P < 0.001). For resections, better outcomes (ILAE scores 1a-2) have been achieved in extratemporal lesional (0%-21%-61%, P = 0.01, at least 2-year follow-up) patients. In temporal lesional patients, outcomes remained unchanged (at least 77% success rate). A longer duration of epilepsy predicted a less favorable outcome for resective procedures (P = 0.024) in patients with disease duration of less than 25 years. SIGNIFICANCE: The spectrum of epilepsy surgery is shifting toward nonlesional and extratemporal cases. While success rates of extratemporal resections at our center are getting better, the average duration of epilepsy before surgical intervention is still very long and is not improving. This underscores the need for stronger collaboration between epileptologists and outpatient neurologists to ensure prompt and effective treatment for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epilepsie temporálního laloku * chirurgie MeSH
- epilepsie * chirurgie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurochirurgické výkony metody MeSH
- refrakterní epilepsie * chirurgie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most prevalent type of epilepsy in adults; it often starts in infancy or early childhood. Although TLE is primarily considered to be a grey matter pathology, a growing body of evidence links this disease with white matter abnormalities. In this study, we explore the impact of TLE onset and progression in the immature brain on white matter integrity and development utilising the rat model of Li-pilocarpine-induced TLE at the 12th postnatal day (P). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and Black-Gold II histology uncovered disruptions in major white matter tracks (corpus callosum, internal and external capsules, and deep cerebral white matter) spreading through the whole brain at P28. These abnormalities were mostly not present any longer at three months after TLE induction, with only limited abnormalities detectable in the external capsule and deep cerebral white matter. Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field in the rotating frame of rank 4 indicated that white matter changes observed at both timepoints, P28 and P72, are consistent with decreased myelin content. The animals affected by TLE-induced white matter abnormalities exhibited increased functional connectivity between the thalamus and medial prefrontal and somatosensory cortex in adulthood. Furthermore, histological analyses of additional animal groups at P15 and P18 showed only mild changes in white matter integrity, suggesting a gradual age-dependent impact of TLE progression. Taken together, TLE progression in the immature brain distorts white matter development with a peak around postnatal day 28, followed by substantial recovery in adulthood. This developmental delay might give rise to cognitive and behavioural comorbidities typical for early-onset TLE.
- MeSH
- bílá hmota * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epilepsie temporálního laloku * patologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myelinová pochva patologie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- status epilepticus * chemicky indukované patologie MeSH
- zobrazování difuzních tenzorů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
MRI is a cornerstone in presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Despite guidelines, clinical practice varies. In light of the E-PILEPSY pilot reference network, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the diagnostic value of MRI in the presurgical evaluation of epilepsy patients. We included original research articles on diagnostic value of higher MRI field strength and guideline-recommended and additional MRI sequences in detecting an epileptogenic lesion in adult or paediatric epilepsy surgery candidates. Lesion detection rate was used as a metric in meta-analysis. Eighteen studies were included for MRI field strength and 25 for MRI sequences, none were free from bias. In patients with normal MRI at lower-field strength, 3T improved lesion detection rate by 18% and 7T by 23%. Field strengths higher than 1.5T did not have higher lesion detection rates in patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). The lesion detection rate of epilepsy-specific MRI protocols was 83% for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. Dedicated MRI protocols and evaluation by an experienced epilepsy neuroradiologist increased lesion detection. For HS, 3DT1, T2, and FLAIR each had a lesion detection rate at around 90%. Apparent diffusion coefficient indices had a lateralizing value of 33% for TLE. DTI fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity had a localizing value of 8% and 34%. A dedicated MRI protocol and expert evaluation benefits lesion detection rate in epilepsy surgery candidates. If patients remain MRI negative, imaging at higher-field strength may reveal lesions. In HS, apparent diffusion coefficient indices may aid lateralization and localization more than increasing field strength. DTI can add further diagnostic information. For other additional sequences, the quality and number of studies is insufficient to draw solid conclusions. Our findings may be used as evidence base for developing new high-quality MRI studies and clinical guidelines.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epilepsie temporálního laloku * patologie MeSH
- epilepsie * diagnóza patologie chirurgie MeSH
- hipokampus patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- systematický přehled MeSH
PURPOSE: Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) is the most common drug-resistant epilepsy. Despite major advances in epilepsy research, the epileptogenesis of the MTLE-HS is not well understood. The altered neuroimmune response is one of the pathomechanisms linked to progressive epileptogenesis in MTLE-HS, and understanding its role may help design future cures for pharmaco-resistant MTLE-HS. Here, the neuroimmune function was evaluated by the assessment of cytokine-chemokine profiles in brain samples from the hippocampus of patients with MTLE-HS. METHODS: Brain samples from patients with MTLE-HS collected during epileptosurgical resection (n = 21) were compared to those obtained from autopsy controls (n = 13). The typing of HS was performed according to ILAE consensus classification, and patients were additionally sorted into subgroups based on the severity of neuronal depletion (Wyler grading system). Differences between patients with MTLE-HS with and without a history of febrile seizures were also assessed. RNA was isolated from native samples, and real-time gene expression analysis of cytokine-chemokine profiles, i.e., levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and STAT3, was carried out by qRT-PCR methodology. RESULTS: Upregulation of IL-1β (p = 0.001), IL-18 (p = 0.0018), CCL2 (p = 0,0377), CCL3 (p < 0.001), and CCL4 (p < 0.001) in MTLE-HS patients was detected when compared to the post-mortem hippocampal samples collected from autopsy controls. The STAT3 expression was higher in more severe neuronal loss and glial scaring determined by different Wyler grades in HS patients. Furthermore, cytokine-chemokine profiles were not different in MTLE-HS patients with or without febrile seizures. CONCLUSION: The upregulation of specific cytokines and chemokines in MTLE-HS provides evidence that the neuroinflammatory process contributes to MTLE epileptogenesis. History of febrile seizures did not alter the immune profiles. Specific immune mediators and related immune pathways represent potential therapeutic targets for seizure control and pharmacoresistancy prevention in MTLE associated with hippocampal sclerosis.
OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the impact of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) on functional connectivity (FC) between mesiotemporal structures. Functional connectivity modifications related to word retrieval were investigated. METHODS: High-density EEG of 21 patients with TLE with HS (12 left TLE and 9 right TLE) and 10 healthy controls (HCs) were recorded during a verbal subsequent memory paradigm. Electroencephalography data were reconstructed into the source space and FC was calculated from the source activity of regions of interest. RESULTS: A significant decrease in FC between the right- and left-sided mesiotemporal structures in TLE was observed. The decrease was significant only with words that were correctly recognized. The decrease in interhemispheric FC between mesiotemporal structures was found in the 8- to 20-Hz frequency range in both left and right TLE. SIGNIFICANCE: The decreased FC between the mesiotemporal structures in TLE is a condition for successful performance of a memory retrieval task. The successful memory retrieval in TLE is related to functional segregation of lesional from nonlesional mesiotemporal structures. This decrease was absent in non-successful responses.
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common epilepsy type. TLE onset in infancy aggravates features like severity, drug responsiveness, or development of comorbidities. These aggravations may arise from altered micro RNA (miRNA) expression specific to the early onset of the disease. Although the miRNA involvement in TLE is widely studied, the relationship between the onset-age and miRNA expression has not been addressed. Here, we investigated the miRNA profile of infantile and adult-onset TLE in rats combining sequencing and PCR. Since miRNA expression changes with the disease progression, we scrutinized miRNA dynamics across three stages: acute, latent, and chronic. We report that infantile-onset TLE leads to changes in the expression of fewer miRNAs across these stages. Interestingly, the miRNA profile in the acute stage of infantile-onset TLE overlaps in dysregulation of miR-132-5p, -205, and -211-3p with the chronic stage of the disease starting in adulthood. The analysis of putative targets linked the majority of dysregulated miRNAs with pathways involved in epilepsy. Our profiling uncovered miRNA expression characteristic for infantile and adulthood-onset epileptogenesis, suggesting the distinct biology underlying TLE in the onset age-dependent matter. Our results indicate the necessity of addressing the onset age as an important parameter in future epilepsy research.
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epilepsie temporálního laloku etiologie metabolismus MeSH
- hipokampus metabolismus MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikro RNA metabolismus MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- status epilepticus metabolismus MeSH
- transkriptom MeSH
- věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: It is assumed that temporal lobe resection in older people is associated with worse seizure outcomes and potential postsurgical memory decline. We studied postsurgical memory development and surgical efficacy in patients over 45 years of age compared with younger patients. METHODS: We studied 88 patients (51 male and 37 female) after temporal lobe surgery, which involved hippocampal resection. The patients were evaluated before surgery and in the first (72 patients) and/or third (57 patients) postsurgical year. The Wechsler Memory Scale III test was performed to evaluate the MQ postsurgical development. Engel's classification was used to evaluate the postsurgical seizure outcome. RESULTS: The presurgical MQ (median 88) in ≥45 years age group was significantly lower than in both younger groups (median MQ = 100 for ≤30 years age group, p = 0.002; median MQ = 107 for 31-44 years age group, p = 0.002). Three years after the surgery, the MQ decreased significantly in ≤30 years age group (p = 0.012), while only non-significant MQ decline was observed in both older groups. We found no significant impact of age on the surgical outcome. CONCLUSION: Higher age at the time of surgery does not significantly increase the risk for postsurgical memory decline; however, older patients are more likely to have lowered presurgical MQ. We did not find significant differences in the impact of surgery on seizure outcome among the age groups. Epilepsy surgery appears to be a safe and effective method in the age over 45 years even though an earlier surgery should be preferred.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epilepsie temporálního laloku diagnóza psychologie chirurgie MeSH
- hipokampus chirurgie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- neurochirurgické výkony škodlivé účinky psychologie trendy MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- poruchy paměti diagnóza psychologie MeSH
- předoperační péče metody psychologie MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- spánkový lalok chirurgie MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Wechslerovy škály MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH