OBJECTIVES: Increasing tobacco excise tax is one of the most effective smoking-prevention tools. The aim of the study is to assess the use of this tool in the Czech Republic (CR) by studying trends in cigarette taxes, prices, tax revenue, and the affordability of cigarettes in the CR. METHODS: Data on cigarette consumption, their tax rates, price, and tax revenue in the CR for 2004-2020 come from multiple sources. We used the consumer price index to convert nominal values to real values. Given an average daily consumption of 12.7 cigarettes per smoker, the affordability of cigarettes was measured as a percentage of the average monthly wage needed to buy 19 cigarette packs. RESULTS: Despite recent increases in excise taxes, cigarettes in the CR are becoming more affordable. We found that the affordability of cigarettes was greater in 2020 than in 2008. The values of both the specific and the minimum excise taxes are currently being eroded by inflation. Cigarette consumption has declined from 2015 to 2020, and the government still received a bit more excise tax revenue due to its earlier tax policy. However, if taxes are not increased further, the revenue will start to decline. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the trend of increasing tobacco taxes in the CR, both the affordability of cigarettes and their use are still high in the country. This means that the CR is not using tax policy effectively enough to reduce smoking prevalence. It needs a substantial and sudden tax increase, in addition to the currently planned tax increases, to reduce smoking prevalence and lower the burden of tobacco use in the economy. Such a move would not only improve public health in the CR, but also increase government revenue.
- MeSH
- daně MeSH
- kouření epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- obchod MeSH
- prevence kouření MeSH
- tabák * MeSH
- tabákové výrobky * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- epidemiologické studie MeSH
- kouření tabáku epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic epidemiologie MeSH
- prevence kouření * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Poté, co Kanada jako první na světě zavedla obrázková varování na krabičkách cigaret, diskutuje nyní o návrhu, aby varovný nápis byl také na každé jednotlivé cigaretě.
After Canada was the first country in the world to introduce pictorial warnings on cigarette packs, they now discuss a proposal to place a warning on each individual cigarette as well.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nekuřácká politika MeSH
- označování výrobků MeSH
- prevence kouření * MeSH
- tabákové výrobky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Kanada MeSH
- MeSH
- kolorektální nádory prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic prevence a kontrola MeSH
- nádory prsu prevence a kontrola MeSH
- prevence kouření metody MeSH
- primární prevence * metody MeSH
- screeningové diagnostické programy MeSH
- zdravý životní styl MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- MeSH
- novinové články MeSH
[Smoking cessation and risk of type 2 diabetes]
Riziko rozvoje diabetes mellitus 2. typu (DM2) je vyšší u kuřáků cigaret v porovnání s nekuřáky. Po zanechání kouření toto riziko klesá, avšak u bývalých kuřáků je zároveň po zanechání kouření častěji pozorován metabolický syndrom. Nabízí se proto otázka, zda u kuřáků po zanechání kouření nedochází na přechodnou dobu ke zvýšení rizika rozvoje DM2 nad úroveň současných kuřáků. Z dostupných studií zabývajících se touto otázkou není možno vyvodit jednoznačný závěr i s ohledem na to, že většina studií neporovnává primárně bývalé kuřáky se současnými kuřáky, ale s nekuřáky. Výsledky studií spíše ukazují na přechodné zvýšení rizika DM2 po zanechání kouření. Vyšší riziko rozvoje DM2 je zřejmě potencováno přírůstkem váhy, který typicky v prvních letech po zanechání kouření bez intervence nastává. Proto by u pacientů‐kuřáků, u kterých předpokládáme vyšší riziko rozvoje DM2, měla být léčba závislosti na tabáku spojena s prevencí rozvoje DM2 (úprava životního stylu, monitorování tělesné hmotnosti a doporučení farmakologické terapie závislosti na tabáku pro snížení rizika nárůstu váhy) a častějšími kontrolami glykemie pro zajištění časné detekce DM2.
Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is higher in tobacco smokers compared to non-smokers. The risk declines after smoking cessation. However, ex-smokers are also more prone to the metabolic syndrome. The question thus is, whether ex-smokers could temporarily have a higher risk of T2DM than current smokers. The available studies on this topic are not in agreement in their conclusions, as most of them also primarily do not compare ex-smokers to current smokers, but to non-smokers. However, based on the available studies, it rather seems the risk of T2DM is temporarily higher after smoking cessation. The higher risk of T2DM seems to be enhanced by weight gain that typically occurs first years after smoking cessation without intervention. Therefore, smoking cessation in patients who are in an increased risk of T2DM should be accompanied by T2DM preventative measures (lifestyle modification, weight monitoring and recommendation of pharmacotherapy of tobacco addiction to lower the risk of weight gain) and more frequent checks of blood glucose level to ensure early T2DM detection.
- Klíčová slova
- Defumoxan, Champix, Elontril, Nicorette, Niquitin,
- MeSH
- látky pro odvykání kouření aplikace a dávkování ekonomika farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odvykání kouření * metody MeSH
- prevence kouření metody organizace a řízení MeSH
- primární zdravotní péče MeSH
- prostředky pro ukončení závislosti na tabáku klasifikace MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
OBJECTIVES: This article deals with the comparison of excise tax revenues from alcoholic beverages and tobacco products with public spending that are spent on treating diseases occurring in consumers of these commodities. METHODS: Based on available data, the study estimates direct public expenditures on the treatment of tobacco-related diseases and very frequent alcohol consumption-related diseases in the Czech Republic. These partial results are evaluated in the context of tax revenues from consumption of the mentioned commodities. The analysis works with the data from 1998-2017, which was obtained from the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, the National Institute of Public Health, the Customs Administration of the Czech Republic, the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic, and the Czech Statistical Office. RESULTS: Medical treatment costs of smoking-related diseases were 18.35-48.19 billion CZK per year in the analysed period. These expenditures in the period 1998-2011 exceeded the annual revenues from the tax on tobacco products (in 2002 by 12.08 billion CZK). Since 2012, the balance has been positive in favour of public spending. Expenditures on the treatment of alcohol-related diseases amounted to 9.66-25.36 billion CZK per year in the given period, the expenditures, except the year 1998, exceeded the revenues from alcoholic beverages taxes (by 14.63 billion CZK in 2009). CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the excise tax revenues for tobacco products do not reach the level of healthcare spending for tobacco-related disease in the most of the analysed period, and this difference increases with the length of consumption, which can be interpreted in such a way that current excise tax revenues potentially mean public healthcare expenditures, which cumulatively exceed revenues from the relevant excise duties.
- MeSH
- daně MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prevence kouření MeSH
- tabák * MeSH
- tabákové výrobky * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- podpora zdraví metody organizace a řízení MeSH
- prevence kouření metody organizace a řízení MeSH
- vzdělávání pacientů jako téma metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of a hospital is to promote/improve and restore health, thus smoking, whether in its passive or active form, should be banned in all hospital premises for the benefit of employees and patients alike. The Global Network for Tobacco Free Healthcare Services (GNTH) is an international non-profit association formed in 1999. The GNTH's mission is to implement tobacco-free policies to create a healthy workplace and patients' environment; help physicians, nurses, and other healthcare workers to stop smoking; and educate all caregivers about tobacco dependence treatment and support them in providing smoking cessation interventions. METHODS: Implementation standards and a system of their self-audit for all participating hospitals were developed by the GNTH. We describe both the international and Czech networks, recommended methods for programme implementation and results of self-audit questionnaires completed by Czech participating hospitals. RESULTS: Worldwide, there are 19 national networks with 1,672 members including 56 gold forum members. To date, the largest network has been formed in France (670 members), followed by Spain (580) and Taiwan (209). After the first Czech institution (Prague-based General University Hospital) joined GNTH in 2010, the Czech Republic established its national network in 2017 currently comprising 10 members, of this number 1 gold, 3 silver and 6 bronze national certification level members. The main barriers to better outcomes in the Czech Republic include smoking on outdoor hospital grounds, lack of pharmacotherapy reimbursement and time, and inadequate staff education in the field of tobacco dependence treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The Global Network's mission is to advocate, recruit and enable healthcare services and professionals to implement and sustain effective tobacco management and cessation policies in accordance with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). A systematic approach supports the quality of care and treatment outcomes for patients as well as healthy workplace conditions for the staff.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nekuřácká politika * MeSH
- nemocnice * MeSH
- odvykání kouření MeSH
- pracoviště * MeSH
- prevence kouření MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
