Sludge treatment wetlands (STWs) have been used for sludge treatment in recent years, however, heavy metals (HMs) are one of the limiting factors for the final sludge application, and the fate of HMs in STWs are still not well studied. Therefore, six STWs with two plant species and earthworm addition were investigated to evaluate their effects on HMs distribution and bioavailability. The results showed that plant uptake of HMs was insignificant with earthworm addition. Earthworm had the highest enrichment for Cd with bioaccumulation factors of 6.9-7.3. Moreover, earthworm had a positive effect to remove HMs in accumulated sludge. Meanwhile, the bioavailability of Cd in accumulated sludge was decreased by earthworm addition, with the acid-soluble fraction decreased from range 16.5-22.7% to range 7.2-10.1%. Furthermore, HMs mass balance in the STWs revealed that HMs were widely distributed in the accumulated sludge, leachate and others, while their (except Cd) accumulation in the plants and earthworm are less than 1%. The Cd toxicity in the accumulated sludge can be reduced by the addition of earthworm with enrichment of 3.6-8.2%. Overall, earthworm addition have positive effects on distribution and bioavailability of HMs in STWs.
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- mokřady * MeSH
- odpadní vody * MeSH
- Oligochaeta metabolismus MeSH
- těžké kovy farmakokinetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The establishment of phytoextraction crops on highly contaminated soils can be limited by metal toxicity. A recent proposal has suggested establishing support crops during the critical initial phase by metal immobilization through soil amendments followed by subsequent mobilization using elemental sulphur to enhance phytoextraction efficiency. This 'combined phytoremediation' approach is tested for the first time in a pot experiment with a highly contaminated soil. During a 14-week period, relatively metal-tolerant maize was grown in a greenhouse under immobilization (before sulphur (S) application) and mobilization (after S application) conditions with soil containing Cd, Pb and Zn contaminants. Apart from the control (C) sample, the soil was amended with activated carbon (AC), lignite (Lig) or vermicompost (VC) all in two different doses (dose 1~45 g additive kg-1 soil and dose 2~90 g additive kg-1 soil). Elemental S was added as a mobilization agent in these samples after 9 weeks. Biomass production, nutrient and metal bioavailability in the soil were determined, along with their uptake by plants and the resulting remediation factors. Before S application, Cd and Zn mobility was reduced in all the AC, Lig and VC treatments, while Pb mobility was increased only in the Lig1 and VC1 treatments. Upon sulphur application, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb and Zn mobility was not significantly affected in the C, AC and VC treatments, nor total Cd, Pb and Zn contents in maize shoots. Increased sulphate, Mn, Cd, Pb and Zn mobilities in soil together with related higher total S, Mn, Pb and Zn contents in shoots were observed in investigated treatments in the last sampling period. The highest biomass production and the lowest metal toxicity were seen in the VC treatments. These results were associated with effective metal immobilization and showed the trend of steady release of some nutrients. The highest remediation factors and total elemental content in maize shoots were recorded in the VC treatments. This increased phytoremediation efficiency by 400% for Cd and by 100% for Zn compared to the control. Considering the extreme metal load of the soil, it might be interesting to use highly metal-tolerant plants in future research. Future investigations could also explore the effect of carbonaceous additives on S oxidation, focusing on the specific microorganisms and redox reactions in the soil. In addition, the homogeneous distribution of the S rate in the soil should be considered, as well as longer observation times.
- MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- dřevěné a živočišné uhlí chemie MeSH
- fosfor farmakokinetika MeSH
- kompostování MeSH
- kukuřice setá účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- síra * farmakokinetika MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- výhonky rostlin účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The fate of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and As in a horizontal subsurface flow-constructed wetland was studied. The concentrations of the risk elements in treated municipal wastewater, wetland sediments, and Phragmites australis biomass were determined. Most of the studied elements were removed from the wastewater with fair efficiencies. On the other hand, As was released to treated water in the wetland bed. The removal efficiencies obtained for the individual elements were as follows: 64.2, 48.7, 70.0, 93.9, 63.6, 63.8, and -236.2%, respectively. The concentrations measured in sediments were the highest for samples taken 1 m from the inflow zone. They were 4.11, 2.01, 6.01, 4.85, 3.39, 9.30, and 3.17 times higher as compared to the samples taken in the distance of 10 m. The pollutants were preferentially deposited at the front part of the wetland bed where anaerobic conditions predominated and sulfate reduction took place. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of the studied elements in the aboveground biomass (Phragmites australis) samples taken in the distances of 1, 5, and 10 m from the inflow zone. However, the concentrations measured in the belowground biomass samples were significantly higher for samples taken at the front part of the wetland bed. The individual element concentration ratios between the below- and aboveground biomass measured for samples taken 1 m from the inflow zone were 4.97, 5.97, 2.21, 1.58, 2.26, 5.70, and 2.66 for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and As, respectively.
- MeSH
- arsen * analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- biodegradace MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- čištění vody metody MeSH
- geologické sedimenty chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipnicovité fyziologie MeSH
- mokřady * MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- odpadní voda chemie MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- těžké kovy * analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- vytvořené prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Effective and efficient assessments of the site conditions are required for the sustainable management of landfills. In this study we propose an evaluation method to determine the degree of environmental contamination by the contest of heavy metals (HM) concentrations in soil and plants (Tanacetum vulgare L., Carduus L., Plantago major L.). We compared HM concentrations in the soil, leaves, stem and roots of those native plants. Content of HM in samples was at the same level in all localities, except content of Zn. These values confirm that the area is not naturally burdened by increased HM content in the soil, and also that the deposited municipal waste or the material used for reclamation and composting does not contain risk elements. The content of selected HM was monitored in plants naturally occurring in the area of interest. We can state that the content of individual HM was in the plant biomass at the same level. The measured values confirmed that the largest number of HM was in roots, then in stem and the least in leaves. In addition, specific indexes were determined: BAC, TF, CF, PLI and Igeo. The BAC values confirmed that the individual plants had the ability to accumulate Pb and Cd (BAC> 2) but were limited to bind Mn and Zn (BAC <1). TF values confirmed that plants had a different ability to transport HM from roots to aboveground biomass. Potential soil contamination was detected using CF, PLI and Igeo indexes but contamination by HM was not confirmed.
- MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- odpadky - odstraňování * MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- skládková zařízení MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Several efficient stabilizing amendments have been recently proposed for the remediation of metal(loid)-contaminated soils. However, information on their interactions with plants, which is a crucial factor in soil environments, are still scarce. An amorphous manganese oxide (AMO) synthesized from organic compounds and nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) have been previously tested as promising stabilizing agents usable both for the stabilization of metals and As. Experiments with rhizoboxes were performed in order to evaluate their influence on the mobility of metal(loid)s in the bulk soil and rhizosphere of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) together with their impact on metal uptake and biomass yield. Generally, AMO proved more efficient than nZVI in all stages of experiment. Furthermore, the AMO effectively reduced water- and 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable fractions of Cd, Pb and Zn. The decreased bioavailability of contaminating metal(loid)s resulted in significant increase of microbial activity in AMO-amended soil. Together with metal(loid) extractability, the AMO was also able to significantly reduce the uptake of metals and ameliorate plant growth, especially in the case of Zn, since this metal was taken up in excessive amounts from the control soil causing strong phytotoxicity and even death of young seedlings. On the other hand, AMO application lead to significant release of Mn that was readily taken up by plants. Resulting Mn concentrations in biomass exceeded toxicity thresholds while plants were showing emergent Mn phytotoxicity symptoms. We highlight the need of such complex studies involving plants and soil biota when evaluating the efficiency of stabilizing amendments in contaminated soils.
- MeSH
- Bacteria účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- Helianthus * růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- oxidy chemická syntéza farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- půda MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- sloučeniny manganu chemická syntéza farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- železo chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A total of eighty surface soil samples were collected from public kindergartens and urban parks in the city of Bratislava, and the <150µm soil fraction was evaluated for total concentrations of five metals, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, their oral bioaccessibilities, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to children, and lead isotopic composition. The mean metal concentrations in urban soils (0.29, 36.1, 0.13, 30.9 and 113mg/kg for Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively) were about two times higher compared with background soil concentrations. The order of bioaccessible metal fractions determined by Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test was: Pb (59.9%) > Cu (43.8%) > Cd (40.8%) > Zn (33.6%) > Hg (12.8%). Variations in the bioaccessible metal fractions were mainly related to the total metal concentrations in urban soils. A relatively wide range of lead isotopic ratios in urban soils (1.1598-1.2088 for 206Pb/207Pb isotopic ratio) indicated a combination of anthropogenic and geogenic sources of metals in the soils. Lower values of 206Pb/207Pb isotopic ratio in the city centre and similar spatial distribution of total metal concentrations, together with their increasing total concentrations in soils towards the city centre, showed that traffic and coal combustion in former times were likely the major sources of soil contamination. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to children due to exposure to metals in kindergarten and urban park soils were low, with hazard index and cancer risk values below the threshold values at all studied sites.
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- biologické modely * MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- stopové prvky analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- trávení MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
Heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soils and plants of four different ecosystems (forest, grassland, agro and urban ecosystem) at different distances from the source of the pollution were analyzed in order to assess and compare soil contamination in the various ecosystems and determine the potential accumulation of plants depending on the place they inhabit. Correlation relationships among heavy metals in soils differ depending on the ecosystem, and between soil and plant, the heavy metals showed significant correlation for Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cd) and pollution load index (PLI) were used in order to determine the level of environmental contamination of the study area. All studied ecosystems were rated as moderately contaminated (except agroecosystem, which was found as low contamination ecosystem) according to Cd and extremely polluted according to PLI. The highest pollution in both cases was found in urban ecosystem, and Cd, Cu and Fe were determined as the biggest pollutants.
- MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- hornictví * MeSH
- hutnictví * MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
In this review is presented general mechanism of bacterial resistence against metals. Bacteria was adapting to outer conditions during the evolotion. Ability of resistence is carried by genetic informations in DNA which may be located in different parts of cell. According to character of resistence there are different localization of genetic information where metal resistance is coded. It dependes on the fact if the metal is essential or non-essential (plasmid, chromosome, transposome). There are six postulated mechanisms of metal resistence in microorganisms, metal exclusion by permeability barrier, active transport of metal away from the cell, intracellular sequeatration of the metal by protein biding, extracellular sequestration, enzymatic detoxification to less toxic form, reduction in metal sensitivity of cellular targets.
- Klíčová slova
- toxicita kovů, kovová rezistence,
- MeSH
- bakteriální léková rezistence * fyziologie genetika MeSH
- biochemické jevy účinky léků MeSH
- buňky účinky léků MeSH
- těžké kovy * farmakokinetika toxicita MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
We monitored concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn in acantocephalan parasites (Acanthocephalus lucii) and its final host (Perca fluviatilis). The concentrations in parasites were found to be significantly higher than those found in the muscle, gonads and liver of fish host. The bioaccumulation factor values (BF=C(parasite)/C(host muscle)) were 194, 24.4, 2.2 and 4.7 for Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn, respectively. This suggests a benefit for the host due to the high accumulation of toxic cadmium.
- MeSH
- Acanthocephala chemie MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- kadmium analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- mangan analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- měď analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- okounovití metabolismus parazitologie MeSH
- sladká voda MeSH
- střeva parazitologie MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- tkáňová distribuce MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- zinek analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
