Cancer therapy for both central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS tumors has been previously associated with transient and long-term cognitive deterioration, commonly referred to as 'chemo fog'. This therapy-related damage to otherwise normal-appearing brain tissue is reported using post-mortem neuropathological analysis. Although the literature on monitoring therapy effects on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well established, such macroscopic structural changes appear relatively late and irreversible. Early quantitative MRI biomarkers of therapy-induced damage would potentially permit taking these treatment side effects into account, paving the way towards a more personalized treatment planning.This systematic review (PROSPERO number 224196) provides an overview of quantitative tomographic imaging methods, potentially identifying the adverse side effects of cancer therapy in normal-appearing brain tissue. Seventy studies were obtained from the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases. Studies reporting changes in normal-appearing brain tissue using MRI, PET, or SPECT quantitative biomarkers, related to radio-, chemo-, immuno-, or hormone therapy for any kind of solid, cystic, or liquid tumor were included. The main findings of the reviewed studies were summarized, providing also the risk of bias of each study assessed using a modified QUADAS-2 tool. For each imaging method, this review provides the methodological background, and the benefits and shortcomings of each method from the imaging perspective. Finally, a set of recommendations is proposed to support future research.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cerebral hemodynamic, metabolic and anatomic changes occurring in patients with unilateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients with unilateral occlusion of ICA and twenty age and sex matched healthy subjects were included in the study. Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of the centrum semiovale, semi-automated hippocampal volumetry in T1-weighted scans and transcranial Doppler examination (TCD) with calculation of Breath Holding Index (BHI) were performed in both groups. Metabolic, anatomic, and hemodynamic features were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho) ratio was significantly lower in both hemispheres of enrolled patients compared to controls (p = 0.005 for the side with occlusion, p = 0.04 for the side without occlusion). The hippocampus volume was significantly reduced bilaterally in patients compared to healthy subjects (p = 0.049). A statistically significant difference in BHI values was observed between the side with occlusion and without occlusion (p = 0.037) of the patients, as well as between BHI values of the side with occlusion and healthy volunteers (p = 0.014). DISCUSSION: Patients with unilateral ICA occlusion have reduced NAA/Cho ratio in the white matter of both hemispheres and have bilateral atrophy of hippocampus. The alteration of hemodynamics alone cannot explain these changes.
- MeSH
- arteria carotis interna * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
- mozek MeSH
- mozkový krevní oběh MeSH
- stenóza arteria carotis * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The accuracy of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) measurement is investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the objective to determine the magnitude of the flow underestimation due to turbulence behind a narrowed valve in a phantom experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An acrylic stationary flow phantom is used with three insertable plates mimicking aortic valvular stenoses of varying degrees. Positive and negative horizontal fluxes are measured at equidistant slices using standard PC-MRI sequences by 1.5T and 3T systems. The CFD model is based on the 3D lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The experimental and simulated data are compared using the Bland-Altman-derived limits of agreement. Based on the LBM results, the turbulence is quantified and confronted with the level of flow underestimation. RESULTS: LBM gives comparable results to PC-MRI for valves up to moderate stenosis on both field strengths. The flow magnitude through a severely stenotic valve was underestimated due to signal void in the regions of turbulent flow behind the valve, consistently with the level of quantified turbulence intensity. DISCUSSION: Flow measured by PC-MRI is affected by noise and turbulence. LBM can simulate turbulent flow efficiently and accurately, it has therefore the potential to improve clinical interpretation of PC-MRI.
- MeSH
- aortální chlopeň * MeSH
- aortální stenóza * MeSH
- fantomy radiodiagnostické MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- rychlost toku krve MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVES: Chemical Shift Encoded Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CSE-MRI)-based quantification of low-level (< 5% of proton density fat fraction-PDFF) fat infiltration requires highly accurate data reconstruction for the assessment of hepatic or pancreatic fat accumulation in diagnostics and biomedical research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compare three software tools available for water/fat image reconstruction and PDFF quantification with MRS as the reference method. Based on the algorithm exploited in the tested software, the accuracy of fat fraction quantification varies. We evaluate them in phantom and in vivo MRS and MRI measurements. RESULTS: The signal model of Intralipid 20% emulsion used for phantoms was established for 3 T and 9.4 T fields. In all cases, we noticed a high coefficient of determination (R-squared) between MRS and MRI-PDFF measurements: in phantoms <0.9924-0.9990>; and in vivo <0.8069-0.9552>. Bland-Altman analysis was applied to phantom and in vivo measurements. DISCUSSION: Multi-echo MRI in combination with an advanced algorithm including multi-peak spectrum modeling appears as a valuable and accurate method for low-level PDFF quantification over large FOV in high resolution, and is much faster than MRS methods. The graph-cut algorithm (GC) showed the fewest water/fat swaps in the PDFF maps, and hence stands out as the most robust method of those tested.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emulze MeSH
- fantomy radiodiagnostické MeSH
- játra diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie metody MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu metody MeSH
- software MeSH
- tuková tkáň diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- voda MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
OBJECTIVE: 19F MRI requires biocompatible and non-toxic soluble contrast agents with high fluorine content and with suitable 19F relaxation times. Probes based on a DOTP chelate with 12 magnetically equivalent fluorine atoms (DOTP-tfe) and a lanthanide(III) ion shortening the relaxation times were prepared and tested. METHODS: Complexes of DOTP-tfe with trivalent paramagnetic Ce, Dy, Ho, Tm, and Yb ions were synthetized and characterized. 19F relaxation times were determined and compared to those of the La complex and of the empty ligand. In vitro and in vivo 19F MRI was performed at 4.7 T. RESULTS: 19F relaxation times strongly depended on the chelated lanthanide(III) ion. T1 ranged from 6.5 to 287 ms, T2 from 3.9 to 124.4 ms, and T2* from 1.1 to 3.1 ms. All complexes in combination with optimized sequences provided sufficient signal in vitro under conditions mimicking experiments in vivo (concentrations 1.25 mM, 15-min scanning time). As a proof of concept, two contrast agents were injected into the rat muscle; 19F MRI in vivo confirmed the in vivo applicability of the probe. CONCLUSION: DOTP-based 19F probes showed suitable properties for in vitro and in vivo visualization and biological applications. The lanthanide(III) ions enabled us to shorten the relaxation times and to trim the probes according to the actual needs. Similar to the clinically approved Gd3+ chelates, this customized probe design ensures consistent biochemical properties and similar safety profiles.
- MeSH
- chelátory chemie MeSH
- fluor chemie MeSH
- ionty MeSH
- kontrastní látky chemie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- lanthanoidy chemie MeSH
- ligandy MeSH
- magnetismus MeSH
- molekulová hmotnost MeSH
- oxazoly chemie MeSH
- pyrimidinony chemie MeSH
- zobrazování fluorovou magnetickou rezonancí * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Over the last few years, the development and relevance of 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for use in clinical practice has emerged. MRI using fluorinated probes enables the achievement of a specific signal with high contrast in MRI images. However, to ensure sufficient sensitivity of 19F MRI, fluorine probes with a high content of chemically equivalent fluorine atoms are required. The majority of 19F MRI agents are perfluorocarbon emulsions, which have a broad range of applications in molecular imaging, although the content of fluorine atoms in these molecules is limited. In this review, we focus mainly on polymer probes that allow higher fluorine content and represent versatile platforms with properties tailorable to a plethora of biomedical in vivo applications. We discuss the chemical development, up to the first imaging applications, of these promising fluorine probes, including injectable polymers that form depots that are intended for possible use in cancer therapy.
- MeSH
- fluor chemie MeSH
- fluorokarbony chemie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kontrastní látky chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární sondy chemie MeSH
- molekulární zobrazování přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- myši MeSH
- polymery chemie MeSH
- radiační rozptyl MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- světlo MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- zobrazování fluorovou magnetickou rezonancí metody trendy MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
OBJECTIVE: T2 maps are more vendor independent than other MRI protocols. Multi-echo spin-echo signal decays to a non-zero offset due to imperfect refocusing pulses and Rician noise, causing T2 overestimation by the vendor's 2-parameter algorithm. The accuracy of the T2 estimate is improved, if the non-zero offset is estimated as a third parameter. Three-parameter Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) T2 estimation takes several minutes to calculate, and it is sensitive to initial values. We aimed for a 3-parameter fitting algorithm that was comparably accurate, yet substantially faster. METHODS: Our approach gains speed by converting the 3-parameter minimisation problem into an empirically unimodal univariate problem, which is quickly minimised using the golden section line search (GS). RESULTS: To enable comparison, we propose a novel noise-masking algorithm. For clinical data, the agreement between the GS and the LM fit is excellent, yet the GS algorithm is two orders of magnitude faster. For synthetic data, the accuracy of the GS algorithm is on par with that of the LM fit, and the GS algorithm is significantly faster. The GS algorithm requires no parametrisation or initialisation by the user. DISCUSSION: The new GS T2 mapping algorithm offers a fast and much more accurate off-the-shelf replacement for the inaccurate 2-parameter fit in the vendor's software.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- fantomy radiodiagnostické MeSH
- interpretace obrazu počítačem metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
- metoda nejmenších čtverců MeSH
- nádory prostaty diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu metody MeSH
- poměr signál - šum MeSH
- pravděpodobnost MeSH
- regresní analýza MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- software MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to optimize the acquisition of diffusion-weighted (DW) single-refocused spin-echo (srSE) data without intrinsic eddy-current compensation (ECC) for an improved performance of ECC postprocessing. The rationale is that srSE sequences without ECC may yield shorter echo times (TE) and thus higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) than srSE or twice-refocused spin-echo (trSE) schemes with intrinsic ECC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proposed method employs dummy scans with DW gradients to drive eddy currents into a steady state before data acquisition. Parameters of the ECC postprocessing algorithm were also optimized. Simulations were performed to obtain minimum TE values for the proposed sequence and sequences with intrinsic ECC. Experimentally, the proposed method was compared with standard DW-trSE imaging, both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: Simulations showed substantially shorter TE for the proposed method than for methods with intrinsic ECC when using shortened echo readouts. Data of the proposed method showed a marked increase in SNR. A dummy scan duration of at least 1.5 s improved performance of the ECC postprocessing algorithm. CONCLUSION: Changes proposed for the DW-srSE sequence and for the parameter setting of the postprocessing ECC algorithm considerably reduced eddy-current artifacts and provided a higher SNR.
- MeSH
- algoritmy MeSH
- artefakty MeSH
- difuzní magnetická rezonance * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- echoplanární zobrazování * MeSH
- fantomy radiodiagnostické MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu * MeSH
- poměr signál - šum MeSH
- zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The effects of aging, magnetic field and the voxel localization on measured concentrations of citrate (Cit), creatine (Cr), cholines (Cho) and polyamines (PA) in a healthy prostate were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 36 examinations at both 1.5T and 3T imagers of 52 healthy subjects aged 19-71 years were performed with PRESS 3D-CSI sequences (TE = 120 and 145 ms). Concentrations in laboratory units and their ratios to citrate were calculated using the LCModel technique. Absolute concentrations were also obtained after the application of correction coefficients. Statistical analysis was performed using a robust linear mixed effects model. RESULTS: Significant effects of aging, the magnetic field strength and the voxel position in central (CZ) or peripheral (PZ) zones on all measured metabolites were found. The concentrations (mmol/kg wet tissue) including prediction intervals in a range of 20-70 years were found: Cit: 7.9-17.2; Cho: 1.4-1.7; Cr: 2.8-2.5; PA (as spermine): 0.6-2.1 at 3T in CZ. In PZ, the concentrations were higher by about 10 % as compared to CZ. CONCLUSION: Increasing citrate and spermine concentrations with age are significant and correlate well with a recently described increase of zinc in the prostate. These findings should be considered in decision-making if the values obtained from a subject are in the range of control values.
- MeSH
- cholin chemie MeSH
- citráty chemie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kreatinin chemie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie * MeSH
- magnetické pole MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nádory prostaty diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus patologie MeSH
- polyaminy chemie MeSH
- prostata diagnostické zobrazování metabolismus MeSH
- rozhodování MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- spermin analýza MeSH
- zinek analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: To quantify the periventricular venous density in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD) in comparison to that in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy control subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with NMOSD, 16 patients with MS and 16 healthy control subjects underwent 7.0-Tesla (7T) MRI. The imaging protocol included T2*-weighted (T2*w) fast low angle-shot (FLASH) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences. The periventricular venous area (PVA) was manually determined by a blinded investigator in order to estimate the periventricular venous density in a region of interest-based approach. RESULTS: No significant differences in periventricular venous density indicated by PVA were detectable in NMOSD versus healthy controls (p = 0.226). In contrast, PVA was significantly reduced in MS patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Unlike patients with MS, those suffering from NMOSD did not show reduced venous visibility. This finding may underscore primary and secondary pathophysiological differences between these two distinct diseases of the central nervous system.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- neuromyelitis optica diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- roztroušená skleróza diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- vény diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
