Boreal peat bogs contain distinctive insects in addition to widely distributed generalists, including species restricted to bogs (tyrphobionts) and species characteristic of bogs but not confined to them (tyrphophiles). Bogs raised above the water table form characteristic habitat islands in southern boreal and temperate forest zones. Many bogs have persisted for hundreds and even thousands of years, preserving relict ecosystems related to subarctic biomes. The historical development and nature of individual bogs are reflected by differences among their insects, which are of great biogeographical and ecological interest. The environmental sensitivity of bogs also makes insects valuable as bioindicators. Moreover, few readily accessible bogs remain in a natural state. Given the scientific interest of bog insects and the fact that each relict bog habitat island is unique, further studies of the diversity of bog faunas are merited, and the conservation of these habitats should be strongly supported by entomologists.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• hmyz klasifikace   MeSH
• půda analýza   MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů * MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Kanada MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda MeSH

Migratory monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use a time-compensated sun compass to navigate to their overwintering grounds in Mexico. Although polarized light is one of the celestial cues used for orientation, the spectral content (color) of that light has not been fully explored. We cloned the cDNAs of three visual pigment-encoding opsins (ultraviolet [UV], blue, and long wavelength) and found that all three are expressed uniformly in main retina. The photoreceptors of the polarization-specialized dorsal rim area, on the other hand, are monochromatic for the UV opsin. Behavioral studies support the importance of polarized UV light for flight orientation. Next, we used clock protein expression patterns to identify the location of a circadian clock in the dorsolateral protocerebrum of butterfly brain. To provide a link between the clock and the sun compass, we identified a CRYPTOCHROME-staining neural pathway that likely connects the circadian clock to polarized light input entering brain.

• MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus fyziologie   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• fotoreceptory bezobratlých metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hybridizace in situ MeSH
• imunohistochemie MeSH
• migrace zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• motýli fyziologie   MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• nervové dráhy fyziologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• proteiny CLOCK MeSH
• retina metabolismus   MeSH
• sluneční záření MeSH
• trans-aktivátory genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• tyčinkové opsiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• ultrafialové záření MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• proteiny CLOCK MeSH
• trans-aktivátory MeSH
• tyčinkové opsiny MeSH

BACKGROUND: Large sets of well-characterized promoter sequences are required to facilitate the understanding of promoter architecture. The major sequence databases are a prospective source of upstream regulatory regions, but suffer from inaccurate annotation. The software tool PRESTA (PRomoter EST Association) presented in this study is designed for efficient recovery of characterized and partially verified promoters from GenBank and EMBL libraries. RESULTS: The PRESTA algorithm examines the putative GenBank/EMBL promoters and automatically removes most of the poorly annotated entries. The remaining records are connected to expressed sequence tags (ESTs) through a high-stringency BLAST search. The frequency and source of recovered ESTs provide an estimate of the activity and expression pattern of the promoter, and the ESTs' 5' ends assist in transcription start-site verification. The PRESTA database provides easy access to non-redundant upstream regulatory regions recently extracted by the PRESTA algorithm. The current size of this resource is 552 human and 241 mouse promoters. Surprisingly, no overlap between the PRESTA database and the Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD) was detected by sequence comparison. CONCLUSIONS: The PRESTA algorithm demonstrates the principle of promoter verification by mapping EST 5' ends. The publicly available PRESTA database collects hundreds of characterized and partially verified promoter sequences and is complementary to other promoter databases.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• databáze nukleových kyselin MeSH
• exprese genu genetika   MeSH
• exprimované sekvenční adresy MeSH
• konformace nukleové kyseliny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• on-line systémy MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) genetika   MeSH
• software * MeSH
• stanovení celkové genové exprese metody   MeSH
• ukládání a vyhledávání informací metody   MeSH
• výpočetní biologie metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

A dominant mutation Curly (Cy), frequently used as a marker on the second chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster, was previously shown to be suppressed by several factors, including larval crowding, low temperature, and fluorescent light. While the first two factors affect this mutation only partially, fluorescent tube exposed flies exhibit an almost completely suppressed (wild type) phenotype. This suppressive effect is the result of a combination of the electric field and light, both factors being produced by common fluorescent tubes. In this study, experiments were carried out to clarify the basic mechanism of this unique phenomenon. Two fluorescent tube sensitive stages of Drosophila development were found in the second half of embryonic development and first half of the pupal stage. Riboflavin, which is administered to Drosophila larvae with yeast, and decomposed by light, seems to play a key role in this phenomenon. In a medium lacking riboflavin caused by light exposure, Cy expression is inhibited by the action of electric field. Positive results of experiments with lithium ions, which block the opening of Ca(2+) channels, support the hypothesis that electromagnetic fields may alter ion currents during ontogenic development of Drosophila, and thus influence, expression of the Cy gene. Also, fluorescent light induces an overexpression of a specific protein in the imaginal wing disc of Cy pupae.

• MeSH
• Drosophila melanogaster genetika   růst a vývoj   účinky záření   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• fluorescence * MeSH
• genetické markery MeSH
• geny účinky léků   účinky záření   MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny genetika   MeSH
• křídla zvířecí růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mapování chromozomů MeSH
• mutace * MeSH
• suprese genetická * MeSH
• světlo MeSH
• ultrafialové záření * MeSH
• vitaminy farmakologie   MeSH
• vysoká teplota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• genetické markery MeSH
• hmyzí proteiny MeSH
• vitaminy MeSH

The clock protein PER is necessary for circadian control of egg-hatching behavior in the silkmoth Antheraea pernyi. Since the brain and midgut of the silkmoth embryo contain PER-positive cells, we examined the circadian clock potential of these embryonic tissues. Transplantation experiments indicate that the circadian clock controlling egg-hatching behavior resides in brain, and that a humoral factor mediates this circadian regulation. We also used ligation experiments on first instar larvae to show that the circadian control of PER movement into the nuclei of midgut epithelial cells is dependent on an intact (connected) brain. These results implicate a novel brain factor in the circadian regulation of egg-hatching behavior and provide further evidence for differing mechanisms of PER control among species.

• MeSH
• bourec embryologie   MeSH
• cirkadiánní proteiny Period MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus * MeSH
• embryo nesavčí fyziologie   MeSH
• jaderné proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• kladení vajíček MeSH
• larva MeSH
• mozek embryologie   MeSH
• transplantace mozkové tkáně fyziologie   MeSH
• trávicí systém embryologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cirkadiánní proteiny Period MeSH
• jaderné proteiny MeSH

• MeSH
• Drosophila melanogaster genetika   MeSH
• fluorescence MeSH
• hmyzí geny * MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• suprese genetická * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH