Plant survival to a potential plethora of diverse environmental insults is underpinned by coordinated communication amongst organs to help shape effective responses to these environmental challenges at the whole plant level. This interorgan communication is supported by a complex signal network that regulates growth, development and environmental responses. Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a key signalling molecule in plants. However, its potential role in interorgan communication has only recently started to come into view. Direct and indirect evidence has emerged supporting that NO and related species (S-nitrosoglutathione, nitro-linolenic acid) are mobile interorgan signals transmitting responses to stresses such as hypoxia and heat. Beyond their role as mobile signals, NO and related species are involved in mediating xylem development, thus contributing to efficient root-shoot communication. Moreover, NO and related species are regulators in intraorgan systemic defence responses aiming an effective, coordinated defence against pathogens. Beyond its in planta signalling role, NO and related species may act as ex planta signals coordinating external leaf-to-leaf, root-to-leaf but also plant-to-plant communication. Here, we discuss these exciting developments and emphasise how their manipulation may provide novel strategies for crop improvement.

• Klíčová slova
• hydrogen sulphide, interorgan signalling, interplant signalling, nitric oxide, reactive nitrogen species, systemic defence, xylem development,
• MeSH
• kořeny rostlin metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý * metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• xylém metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxid dusnatý * MeSH

Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional gaseous signal that modulates the growth, development and stress tolerance of higher plants. NO donors have been used to boost plant endogenous NO levels and to activate NO-related responses, but this strategy is often hindered by the relative instability of donors. Alternatively, nanoscience offers a new, promising way to enhance NO delivery to plants, as NO-releasing nanomaterials (e.g. S-nitrosothiol-containing chitosan nanoparticles) have many beneficial physicochemical and biochemical properties compared to non-encapsulated NO donors. Nano NO donors are effective in increasing tissue NO levels and enhancing NO effects both in animal and human systems. The authors believe, and would like to emphasize, that new trends and technologies are essential for advancing plant NO research and nanotechnology may represent a breakthrough in traditional agriculture and environmental science. Herein, we aim to draw the attention of the scientific community to the potential of NO-releasing nanomaterials in both basic and applied plant research as alternatives to conventional NO donors, providing a brief overview of the current knowledge and identifying future research directions. We also express our opinion about the challenges for the application of nano NO donors, such as the environmental footprint and stakeholder's acceptance of these materials.

• Klíčová slova
• NO donor, S-nitrosothiol, nanomaterial, nanoparticle, nanotechnology, nitric oxide (NO),
• MeSH
• biotechnologie MeSH
• chitosan * MeSH
• nanotechnologie MeSH
• oxid dusnatý * MeSH
• rostliny MeSH
• zemědělství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chitosan * MeSH
• oxid dusnatý * MeSH

Nitric oxide (NO) is perfectly suited for the role of a redox signalling molecule. A key route for NO bioactivity occurs via protein S-nitrosation, and involves the addition of a NO moiety to a protein cysteine (Cys) thiol (-SH) to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). This process is thought to underpin a myriad of cellular processes in plants that are linked to development, environmental responses and immune function. Here we collate emerging evidence showing that NO bioactivity regulates a growing number of diverse post-translational modifications including SUMOylation, phosphorylation, persulfidation and acetylation. We provide examples of how NO orchestrates these processes to mediate plant adaptation to a variety of cellular cues.

• Klíčová slova
• S-nitrosation, S-nitrosylation, SUMOylation, nitric oxide (NO), persulfidation, phosphorylation, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), reactive oxygen species (ROS),
• MeSH
• nitrosace MeSH
• oxid dusnatý * metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• posttranslační úpravy proteinů MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• S-nitrosothioly * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxid dusnatý * MeSH
• S-nitrosothioly * MeSH

Nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a key signal molecule in plants. During the last two decades impressive progress has been made in plant NO research. This small, redox-active molecule is now known to play an important role in plant immunity, stress responses, environmental interactions, plant growth and development. To more accurately and robustly establish the full spectrum of NO bioactivity in plants, it will be essential to apply methodological best practice. In addition, there are some instances of conflicting nomenclature within the field, which would benefit from standardization. In this context, we attempt to provide some helpful guidance for best practice associated with NO research and also suggestions for the cognate terminology.

• Klíčová slova
• S-nitrosylation, fluorescence, mitochondria, nitrate reductase, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase,
• MeSH
• oxid dusnatý * MeSH
• rostliny * MeSH
• vývoj rostlin MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxid dusnatý * MeSH